Ch. 11 Language (Exam 3) Flashcards
1
Q
function
A
- to influence people’s behaviour by changing what they know, think, believe, or desire
2
Q
importance
A
- allows us to interact with each other in a way that goes beyond our immediate surroundings
3
Q
hierarchical organization of language
A
- phoneme
- morpheme
- word
- phrase
- sentence
4
Q
phoneme
A
- smallest unit of perceived speech
- 10-150 per language
5
Q
morpheme
A
- smallest unit that signals meaning
- combinations of phonemes
- prefixes, suffixes, roots, or entire words
- thousands per language
6
Q
word
A
- smallest stand-alone units of meaning
- combos of one or more morphemes
7
Q
phrases
A
- organized groupings of one or more words
- almost infinite
8
Q
sentences
A
- a set of words/phrases that tell us a complete thought
9
Q
generativity of language
A
- Noam Chomsky
- language must be determined by an inborn biological program
- mental blueprint of language
10
Q
grammar
A
- rules for structure and combining words
11
Q
semantics
A
- how meaning is derived from morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences
12
Q
generative grammar
A
- rules specify what orders and combos these roles can occur in
13
Q
problems with relying on phrase structure alone
A
- can have one structure and two meanings
- can have two structures and one meaning
14
Q
surface structure
A
- phrase structure that applies to order in which words are actually spoken
15
Q
deep structure
A
- fundamental, underlying phrase structure that conveys meaning
16
Q
transformational grammar
A
- rules that transform deep structure into the varied sentences that we actually speak
17
Q
lexical ambiguity
A
- when a word has two different meanings
18
Q
syntactic ambiguity
A
- when same words can be grouped together into more than one phrase structure
19
Q
referential ambiguity
A
- when the same word/phrase can refer to two different thing within a sentence
- ie. she, it
20
Q
Broca’s area
A
- left hemisphere
- language production
- planning, sends to primary motor cortex
21
Q
Broca’s aphasia
A
- deficit in production of speech
- speech is laboured, slow, and non-fluent
- comprehension relatively spared
- problems with language planning and production
- problems with understanding and using syntax
22
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
- left hemisphere
- language comprehension
23
Q
Wernicke’s aphasia
A
- speech is phonetically and grammatically normal but meaningless
- normal intonation
- comprehension is severely impaired
- problems with understanding and using semantics
24
Q
left hemisphere
A
- Broca’s area: language production and syntax
- Wernicke’s area: language comprehension and semantics
25
right hemisphere
- mental rotation, emotion perception, music, and melodies
- detecting prosody in language
26
split brain study
- when language is left-lateralized they can verbally describe a stimulus presented to the right visual field
- can't describe a stimulus presented to the left visual field
27
prosody
- intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm
- used for emotional state, sarcasm, or emphasis
28
aprosodia
- difficulty processing prosody
29
productive aprosodia
- monotonic, robotic speech
- associated with damage to right hemisphere, Broca's equivalent
30
receptive aprosodia
- difficulty detecting and understanding emotional tone in speech
- damage to right hemisphere, Wernicke's equivalent
31
McGurk effect
- misinterpretation due to conflicting stimuli
- hearing something but seeing something else
32
garden path sentences
- same sentence structure but different past experiences
- first half exerts contextual influence on second half
33
fMRI
- measures changes in magnetization, using electromagnetic radiation and nuclear magnetic resonance
- good spatial resolution (millimeters)
- ok temporal resolution (seconds)
