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Psych251 > Ch. 2 The Brain (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 2 The Brain (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

amygdala

A
  • part of limbic system, in medial temporal lobe
  • influences internal states of the body based on input from outside world
  • emotions
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2
Q

anterior

A
  • towards the front/before
  • opposite of posterior
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3
Q

association areas

A
  • regions of the cerebral cortex
  • integrate sensory and motor info
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4
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • branch of PNS
  • regulates internal/visceral processes
  • heart, gut, glands
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5
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • collection of subcortical gray matter structures
  • smooth control of voluntary movement
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6
Q

brainstem

A
  • most posterior structure
  • midbrain, pons, and medulla
  • posterior + pons
  • m: medulla and midbrain
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7
Q

caudal

A
  • towards tail
  • opposite rostral
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8
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
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9
Q

central sulcus

A
  • along lateral surface of the cerebral cortex
  • separates frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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10
Q

cerebellum

A
  • at back of brainstem
  • coordinates movements
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11
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outermost brain structure, part of telencephalon
  • consists of cells, dendrites, and synapses; known as gray matter
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12
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • similar to blood plasma
  • fills ventricles and flows around the outside of the brain
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13
Q

cerebrum

A
  • most superior portion of CNS
  • cortex, left and right hemispheres, and subcortical structures
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14
Q

cingulate gyrus

A
  • gray matter structure near midline of the brain
  • wraps around the corpus callosum
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15
Q

contralateral

A
  • opposite side
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16
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • large white matter connection between the two brain hemispheres
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17
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of sensory and motor neurons
  • originate from the brain and brainstem to innervate the head and shoulders
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18
Q

dermatomes

A
  • part of the skin
  • receive input from a single spinal nerve
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19
Q

diencephalon

A
  • structures at the top of the brainstem
  • primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus
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20
Q

distal

A
  • farther away from the center
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21
Q

dorsal

A
  • toward the top or back
  • usually contrasted with ventral
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22
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A
  • just outside the spinal cord
  • collection of cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the PNS
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23
Q

episodic memory

A
  • memory for personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
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24
Q

forebrain (think: di-tel the forebrain)

A
  • most anterior
  • telencephalon and diencephalon
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25
frontal lobe
- region of cerebral cortex at front of the brain - motor control and higher cognitive functions ie. planning and working memory
26
globus pallidus
- output part of basal ganglia - important for regulating voluntary movement
27
gray matter
- unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites of neurons
28
hindbrain (think: "met my hindbrain")
- most posterior - develops into the pons and cerebellum - metencephalon, myelencephalon
29
hippocampus
- in medial temporal lobe - important for learning, memory, and navigation
30
hypothalamus
- part of diencephalon - important for homeostasis (sleep, hunger, and thirst)
31
inferior
- towards bottom - opposite superior
32
inferior colliculus
- more inferior projection off the posterior aspect of the midbrain - important for processing and relaying auditory info
33
interneuron
- connect sensory and motor neurons
34
ipsilateral
- on the same side
35
lateral
- towards the side - opposite of medial
36
lateral geniculate nucleus
- specialized part of the thalamus - part of the visual pathway from the retina to the primary visual cortex
37
limbic system
- evolutionary conserved structures surrounding the brainstem - important for motivation and emotion
38
mammillary bodies (hypothalamammillary)
- part of hypothalamus - plays a part in linking current needs to memories of past events
39
medial
- towards the middle - opposite of lateral
40
medulla (think: my medulla)
- part of brainstem, superior to spinal cord - myelencephalon - unconscious processes
41
metencephalon
- part of the brainstem including the pons and the cerebellum
42
midbrain ( "My mes")
- middle of the three bulges, part of brainstem in adult brain - mesencephalon - superior and inferior colliculus, and motor nuclei
43
motor neurons
- specialized to convey motor commands from the spinal cord to the muscles of the periphery of the body
44
myelencephalon
- part of the brainstem immediately superior to the spinal cord - aka medulla
45
neuromuscular junction
- point of interaction between a motor neuron and a muscle cell
46
nucleus accumbens (cucumber and basil?)
- part of basal ganglia - important for rewarded behaviours and addictions
47
occipital lobe
- region of the cerebral cortex at the back of the brain - processes visual info
48
parasympathetic nervous system
- branch of autonomic nervous system - slows body down, rest-and- regenerate response
49
parietal lobe
- region of cerebral cortex at upper and posterior side of brain - processes touch info from all over the body and integrates sensory info
50
peripheral nervous system
- receptors and nerves found throughout the body, outside the brain and spinal cord - autonomic and somatic systems
51
pituitary gland
- projection from the interior surface of the hypothalamus - involved in releasing a large number of hormones
52
pons
- part of brainstem immediately superior to the medulla - balance, taste, swallowing
53
posterior
- towards the back - opposite of anterior
54
precuneus (pretty cute parietal)
- part of parietal lobe along the midline of the brain - region is active when a person imagines movements and during navigation
55
prefrontal cortex
- anterior aspect of frontal lobe - involved in motor planning, cognition, and goal-setting
56
primary auditory cortex
- part of superior temporal gyrus - specialized for receiving and processing auditory info
57
fornix
- output connection from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
58
gyri
- rounded convolutions on the surface of the cortex - bordered by a sulcus on each side
59
postcentral gyrus
- region of the cortex immediately posterior to the central sulcus - primary somatosensory cortex
60
precentral gyrus
- region of the cortex immediately in front of the central sulcus - primary motor cortex
61
primary motor cortex
- in precentral gyrus - cells send motor commands to the muscles of the body
62
primary somatosensory cortex
- located in postcentral gyrus - cells receive somatosensory info from all over the body
63
primary visual cortex
- region of occipital lobe - where visual info is first processed
64
proximal
- closer to the center
65
putamen
- part of basal ganglia - sitting in "C" formed by caudate nucleus
66
reticular formation
- neurons within the midbrain that project to the forebrain - important for regulating consciousness
67
reticular nucleus
- this sheet of neurons wrapped around the thalamus - inhibits and coordinates activity within the thalamus
68
rostral
- towards the mouth - opposite of caudal
69
sensory neurons
- specialized to convey sensory info from periphery of the body to the CNS
70
somatic nervous system
- branch of PNS - detects info about and interacts with the external world
71
spinal cord
- part of CNS, exits from the base of the skull and extends down the back
72
stretch reflex
- automatic contraction of a muscle that has been stretched
73
substantia nigra
- collection of cells within the midbrain - important for movement, cognition, and rewarded behaviours
74
subthalamic nucleus
- lens-shaped nucleus, located inferior to the thalamus - projects to the basal ganglia and plays a role in voluntary motor control
75
sulci
- grooves - each one is between two gyri
76
superior
- towards the top - opposite of inferior
77
superior colliculus
- more superior projection off the posterior aspect of the midbrain - important for processing and relaying visual info
78
sympathetic nervous system
- branch of autonomic nervous system - involved in generating the fight-or-flight response
79
synapse
- where two neurons interact to transfer info - includes pre-synaptic cell membrane, synaptic cleft, and the post-synaptic cell membrane
80
telencephalon
- visible outermost portion of the brain - makes up left and right cerebral hemispheres
81
temporal lobe
- region of the cerebral cortex at the side of the brain, roughly underneath the ears - involved in language processing and object identification
82
thalamus
- part of diencephalon - acts as a relay and filter for info passing between the PNS and CNS
83
ventral
- toward the bottom or front - generally contrasted with dorsal
84
ventricles
- fluid-filled cavities within the brain
85
white matter
- myelinated axons of neurons - carry info long distances
86
lateral fissure
- separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
87
longitudinal fissure
- separates two hemispheres

Psych251 (9 decks)

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