Ch 5 Perception (Exam 2) Flashcards
1
Q
amacrine cells
A
- cells within the retina that facilitate communication between different parts of the retina
2
Q
area V5
A
- part of the visual processing pathway
- specialized for detecting motion in the visual field
3
Q
binocular rivalry
A
- different images presented to left and right eye
- perception shifts back and forth between the two stimuli
4
Q
blindsight
A
- ability to detect and respond to visual stimuli, even though the patient is blind
5
Q
blobs
A
- clusters of cells within the primary visual cortex that process colour related info
6
Q
center-surround structure
A
- stimulating center: excite or inhibit
- stimulating surrounding ring: opposite effect
7
Q
change blindness
A
- an inability to detect differences between two similar visual scenes
8
Q
complex cells
A
- in primary visual cortex
- respond best to lines of light at a particular angle, but at any location
9
Q
cones
A
- photoreceptors
- sensitive to colours
- need high levels of illumination to function
10
Q
cornea
A
- clear region at the front of the eye through which light passes to enter the eye
11
Q
disparity
A
- the slight difference in the visual image perceived by the two different eyes
12
Q
dorsal stream
A
- pathway from visual cortex to parietal lobe
- where stream
13
Q
feedback loops
A
- neuronal connections that project back to the areas from which those neurons received input
14
Q
fovea
A
- region at center of the retina
- where cones are concentrated
- important for detailed colour vision
15
Q
hair cells
A
- cells of inner ear
- important for perceiving sound and monitoring balance
16
Q
horizontal cells
A
- in retina
- enable nearby regions of the retina to exchange info
17
Q
internal model
A
- representation of a scene that is based on past experience and understanding, rather than incoming sensory info
18
Q
iris
A
- coloured ring of muscle
- can expand or contract to control how much light enters the eye
19
Q
lens
A
- behind the pupil
- changes shape to focus the incoming light on the retina
20
Q
magnocellular retinal ganglion cells
A
- get their input from rods
- not colour sensitive and have low spatial resolution
- good at detecting moving stimuli
21
Q
motion blindness
A
- inability to detect visual motion
- damage to V5
22
Q
ocular dominance columns
A
- regions or stripes in the primary visual cortex
- receive input from just one eye
- alternating with regions that receive input from just the other eye
23
Q
optic chiasm
A
- point at which the left and right optic nerves converge
- allows info from left and right eye to be combined
24
Q
optic nerve
A
- axons of the retinal ganglion cells
- converge to leave the eye and convey visual info into the brain
25
parvocellular retinal ganglion cells
- get their input primarily from cones
- colour sensitive with high spatial resolution
25
optic tracts
- nerve bundles
- carry visual info from the optic chiasm to the brain
26
perception
- identification and interpretation of the sensory stimulus by the nervous system
27
phototransduction
- the process by which light is converted into the electrochemical signals used by the nervous system
28
pupil
- empty space at the center of the eye, surrounded by the iris
- allows light to enter the eye and be focused on the retina
29
receptive field
- region of the external world to which the sensory neuron is able to respond
30
recurrence
- idea that feedback connections are as common as feedforward connections within the brain
31
retina
- region at the back of the eyeball
- contains the light-sensitive cells of the visual system
32
retinal ganglion cells
- conduct info from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
33
reverse hierarchy
- inverts the typical hierarchy of info filtering upwards to ever fewer regions
- info spreads out to a wider number of areas as it is processed instead
34
secondary visual cortex
- second step in the visual processing hierarchy
- have slightly larger receptive fields than those in the primary visual cortex
35
sensory transduction
- the process of transforming a sensory stimulus outside the body into the electrochemical signals used by the nervous system
36
simple cells
- respond best to lines of light at a particular angle and at a particular location
37
spatial resolution
- the ability to differentiate between two nearby objects
38
striate cortex
- another name for the primary visual cortex
39
tertiary visual cortex
- V3, V4, V5
- involved in processing more complex visual info
40
ventral stream
- pathway from visual cortex to the inferior temporal area
- what pathway
41
sources of info
1. genes
2. past experience
3. internal state
4. environment context
5. proximal stimulus
42
distal simulus
- an object or process out in the world
43
proximal stimulus
- the energy or matter that impinges on sensory receptors
44
sensory receptors
- specialized cells to convert external phenomena into neural signals
45
what are the two types of photoreceptors?
- rods
- cones
46
mechanoreception
- detects pressure, vibration, distortion
47
nocioception
- detects harmful chemicals, mechanical, or thermal stimuli
- pain receptors
48
proprioception
- detects mechanical forces on the muscles, tendons, and joints
49
SA
- slow adapting
- ignores weight, detects things like texture and pressure
50
RA
- rapid adapting
- quickly adapt to change in environment
- tells us when there is a change
51
topography
- spatial organization of sensory surface is generally preserved in the primary sensory cortex
