ch 9 how we remember and forget

Question 1

chunking

Answer 1

the process of grouping items together to improve memory capacity - especially short-term memory as a mean of committing to long-term memory

Question 2

context-dependent cues

Answer 2

cues to assist retrieval from long-term memory, due to the external environment in which learning took place

Question 3

cued recall

Answer 3

recalling assisted by cues not involving the original items to be retrieved

Question 4

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 4

a process by which we give meaning to information and link it to other information in our memories

Question 5

encoding specificity principle

Answer 5

the associations formed at the time of encoding new memories will be the most effective retrieval cues

Question 6

free recall

Answer 6

recalling as much information as possible in any order, without cues

Question 7

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 7

a strategy for keeping information in short-term memory or moving it into long-term memory by simply repeating information over and over

Question 8

method of loci

Answer 8

a mnemonic that focuses on visualisation to strengthen memory

Question 9

mnemonic

Answer 9

a strategy or method that can be used to improve or strengthen memory

Question 10

proactive interference

Answer 10

when previously learnt material inhibits our ability to encode and store new material

Question 11

recall

Answer 11

retrieval of stored information using minimal cues

Question 12

recognition

Answer 12

a process of retrieval that requires the identification of a correct response from a set of alternatives

Question 13

relearning

Answer 13

learning again something that has already been committed to memory; the most sensitive

Question 14

retrieval cues

Answer 14

mental reminders or prompts that we create to assist our recollection later on

Question 15

retrieval failure theory

Answer 15

inability to retrieve material due to an absence of the right cues or a failure to use them

Question 16

retroactive interference

Answer 16

when newly acquired material inhibits our ability to retrieve previously learned materal

Question 17

serial recall

Answer 17

recalling information in the order in which it was presented

Question 18

SQ4R method

Answer 18

a mnemonic that involves six steps: survey, question, read, recite, relate and review to help learning and retention

Question 19

state-dependent cues

Answer 19

cues to assist retrieval from long-term memory, due to the internal environment in which learning takes place

Question 20

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 20

the feeling that something we know is just not available to be recall from memory