ch 10 learning

Question 1

association

Answer 1

a learnt connection between two objects or events - especially significant in classical conditioning

Question 2

aversion therapy

Answer 2

a form of treatment using classical conditioning to cause an undesired behaviour to create an unwanted response, thereby reducing the incidence of the behaviour

Question 3

Bobo doll

Answer 3

a large inflatable plastic doll, approximately 1.5 metres tall, designed to spring back upright when knocked over, used by Albert Bandura in his research on social learning biological theories of gender role formation

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

whereby an animal or other organism can
passively learn to show a naturally occurring reflex action, such as salivation, in response to any stimulus – learning through association

Question 5

conditioned response

Answer 5

an automatic response developed by being trained to respond to a typically neutral stimulus (classical conditioning)

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

a previously neutral stimulus that is
associated with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually causes a conditioned response (classical conditioning)

Question 7

discriminative stimulus

Answer 7

in operant conditioning, Skinner’s term
for the pre-condition that indicates that
behaviour will be reinforced

Question 8

effective punishment

Answer 8

punishment administered in such a way as to reduce the likelihood of the behaviour recurring

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the response is extinguished after being shown several times without reinforcement

Question 10

mental representation

Answer 10

a cognitive process where information is
stored in memory for later retrieval and use

Question 11

modelling

Answer 11

when a person copies the behaviour or
attitude demonstrated by another person

Question 12

negative reinforcer

Answer 12

the removal, reduction or prevention of
an unpleasant stimulus in response to a
behaviour, increasing the likelihood that a
behaviour will be repeated

Question 13

negative vicarious reinforcement

Answer 13

where an individual witnesses another being punished for a behaviour so discontinues that behaviour themselves

Question 14

neutral stimulus

Answer 14

something that causes a response (classical conditioning)

Question 15

observational learning

Answer 15

where a person learns by watching the
behaviour demonstrated by another

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

a type of learning in which behaviour
becomes controlled by its consequences

Question 17

positive reinforcer

Answer 17

a consequence that strengthens a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying outcome, increasing the likelihood that a behaviour will
be repeated

Question 18

positive vicarious reinforcement

Answer 18

where an individual witnesses another being rewarded for a behaviour and decides to act in the same way

Question 19

punisher/punishment

Answer 19

any event that reduces the likelihood of a
particular response occurring over time

Question 20

reinforcer

Answer 20

a stimulus that encourages the likelihood of a response

Question 21

response cost

Answer 21

a form of punishment that occurs when
something desirable is removed

Question 22

shaping

Answer 22

a procedure in which a reinforcer is given
for each response that is closer and closer
and eventually leads to the desired response

Question 23

social learning theory

Answer 23

describes the way in which people acquire
certain behaviours by watching and learning from role models

Question 24

spontaneous recovery

Answer 24

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period

Question 25

stimulus discrimination (classical conditioning)

Answer 25

when an organism responds to the
conditioned stimulus but not to any stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 26

stimulus discrimination (operant
conditioning)

Answer 26

when a behaviour stops being applied
to similar situations and only to the
discriminative stimulus

Question 27

stimulus generalisation (classical conditioning)

Answer 27

when an organism responds to any stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 28

stimulus generalisation (operant conditioning)

Answer 28

when a behaviour is displayed because of a discriminative stimulus that is similar to the original

Question 29

three-phase model

Answer 29

the assumption that the antecedent makes the conditions right for the behaviour to follow and be encouraged or discouraged by its consequences

Question 30

unconditioned response

Answer 30

a response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

Question 31

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 31

a stimulus that causes an unconditioned
response (classical conditioning)

Question 32

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 32

a theory that individuals are more likely
to engage in a behaviour or activity if they
witness another individual being rewarded for that activity or behaviour

Question 33

voluntary behaviour

Answer 33

actions that are controlled by the person or animal performing them