ch 10 learning Flashcards
association
a learnt connection between two objects or events - especially significant in classical conditioning
aversion therapy
a form of treatment using classical conditioning to cause an undesired behaviour to create an unwanted response, thereby reducing the incidence of the behaviour
Bobo doll
a large inflatable plastic doll, approximately 1.5 metres tall, designed to spring back upright when knocked over, used by Albert Bandura in his research on social learning biological theories of gender role formation
classical conditioning
whereby an animal or other organism can
passively learn to show a naturally occurring reflex action, such as salivation, in response to any stimulus – learning through association
conditioned response
an automatic response developed by being trained to respond to a typically neutral stimulus (classical conditioning)
conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that is
associated with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually causes a conditioned response (classical conditioning)
discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning, Skinner’s term
for the pre-condition that indicates that
behaviour will be reinforced
effective punishment
punishment administered in such a way as to reduce the likelihood of the behaviour recurring
extinction
the response is extinguished after being shown several times without reinforcement
mental representation
a cognitive process where information is
stored in memory for later retrieval and use
modelling
when a person copies the behaviour or
attitude demonstrated by another person
negative reinforcer
the removal, reduction or prevention of
an unpleasant stimulus in response to a
behaviour, increasing the likelihood that a
behaviour will be repeated
negative vicarious reinforcement
where an individual witnesses another being punished for a behaviour so discontinues that behaviour themselves
neutral stimulus
something that causes a response (classical conditioning)
observational learning
where a person learns by watching the
behaviour demonstrated by another
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behaviour
becomes controlled by its consequences
positive reinforcer
a consequence that strengthens a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying outcome, increasing the likelihood that a behaviour will
be repeated
positive vicarious reinforcement
where an individual witnesses another being rewarded for a behaviour and decides to act in the same way
punisher/punishment
any event that reduces the likelihood of a
particular response occurring over time
reinforcer
a stimulus that encourages the likelihood of a response
response cost
a form of punishment that occurs when
something desirable is removed
shaping
a procedure in which a reinforcer is given
for each response that is closer and closer
and eventually leads to the desired response
social learning theory
describes the way in which people acquire
certain behaviours by watching and learning from role models
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period
stimulus discrimination (classical conditioning)
when an organism responds to the
conditioned stimulus but not to any stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination (operant
conditioning)
when a behaviour stops being applied
to similar situations and only to the
discriminative stimulus
stimulus generalisation (classical conditioning)
when an organism responds to any stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalisation (operant conditioning)
when a behaviour is displayed because of a discriminative stimulus that is similar to the original
three-phase model
the assumption that the antecedent makes the conditions right for the behaviour to follow and be encouraged or discouraged by its consequences
unconditioned response
a response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that causes an unconditioned
response (classical conditioning)
vicarious reinforcement
a theory that individuals are more likely
to engage in a behaviour or activity if they
witness another individual being rewarded for that activity or behaviour
voluntary behaviour
actions that are controlled by the person or animal performing them
