ch 11 social psychology

Question 1

agent

Answer 1

a person or group that facilitates the process of socialisation; could be parents, family, peers, school or the media

Question 2

biological theories of gender role formation

Answer 2

overarching theory that an individual’s gender is predetermined by their biological sex; genitals and reproductive organs

Question 3

biosocial theory

Answer 3

a biological theory that states that gender roles are developed as a result of interaction between biological sex and socialisation

Question 4

compliance

Answer 4

a change in people’s attitudes publicly, but not privately, so that they are more likeable in their group

Question 5

gender

Answer 5

a socially and culturally constructed idea of what male and female are; this can include personality traits, social behaviours and physical appearance

Question 6

gender constancy

Answer 6

achieved at the age of 5, where children realise that sex is a field state that will not change; they also realise that if someone’s appearance or behaviour changes this does not make them a member of the opposite sex

Question 7

gender identity

Answer 7

achieved around 2-3 years of age, where a child recognises and labels themselves as a boy or a girl

Question 8

gender schema

Answer 8

a mental representation of what it is to be male or what it is to be female, typically based on stereotypes

Question 9

gender schema theory

Answer 9

a theory of gender role formation that people build over time that provides information about how a male or female should behave

Question 10

gender script

Answer 10

gender roles and behaviours that children come to consider as normal, based on their observations of everyday life

Question 11

gender stability

Answer 11

achieved around 3-4 years of age, where a child realises that their sex will not change over time

Question 12

identification

Answer 12

a change in people’s attitude and behaviour because they are influenced by someone and relate to the content of the attitude

Question 13

internalisation

Answer 13

a change in people’s attitude and behaviour because they have taken on a new attitude and have taken this into their belief system

Question 14

intersex

Answer 14

an individual who is born with both male and female features, or ambiguous genitals and reproductive organs

Question 15

modelling

Answer 15

when a person copies the behaviour or attitude demonstrated by another person

Question 16

primary socialisation

Answer 16

the process of learning the beliefs, customs and appropriate behaviours of a group during the early stages of life typically from parents and close family members

Question 17

secondary socialisation

Answer 17

the process of learning the beliefs, customs and appropriate behaviours of a group via teachers, extended family, friends and the media

Question 18

sex

Answer 18

determined by the biological chromosome makeup organs, genitals and other physical characteristics

Question 19

social influence theory

Answer 19

a theory that suggests that groups are part of our identity and self-esteem, through three processes: social categorisation, social identification and social comparison

Question 20

socialisation

Answer 20

the process of how people learn the beliefs, customs and appropriate behaviours of society or group

Question 21

theory of psychosexual differentiation

Answer 21

a biological theory of gender role formation that focuses on the way testosterone affects the brain to determine masculinity

Question 22

vicarious learning

Answer 22

witnessing a type of behaviour in another and establishing whether this is acceptable or not based on the observation

Question 23

vicarious punishment

Answer 23

when a child observes a behaviour being punished

Question 24

vicarious reward

Answer 24

when a child observes a behaviour being rewarded