Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 306 > Ch. 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design > Flashcards

Ch. 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design Flashcards

1
Q

synonym of within-subjects design

A

repeated-measures design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

goal of within-subjects design

A

Use a single group of participants and test or observe each individual in all of the different treatments being compared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are treatments administered in within-subjects designs?

A

The treatments can be administered sequentially or all together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

groups in treatment conditions in within-subjects designs

A

are equivalent to the group in every other condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

within-subjects designs in nonexperimental research

A

they are well-suited to nonexperimental research that investigates changes occurring over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

two main threats to internal validity of within-subjects experiments

A

confounding from environmental variables and time-related variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of confounding from time-related variables

A
  • history
  • maturation
  • instrumentation
  • regression toward the mean
  • order effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

history

A

the environmental events other than the treatment that change over time and may affect the scores in one treatment differently than another treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

maturation

A

any systematic changes in participants’ physiology or psychology that occur during the research study and affect the participants’ scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when is maturation particularly a concern?

A

for young children or elderly adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

instrumentation

A

changes in a measuring instrument that occur over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is instrumentation particularly a concern?

A

with behavioural observation measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

regression toward the mean

A

the tendency for extreme scores on any measurement to move toward the mean when the measurement procedure is repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why does regression toward the mean occur?

A

because an individual’s score is a function of stable factors and unstable factors, which change substantially from one measurement to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

order effects

A

occur when the experience of being tested in one treatment condition has an influence on participants’ scores in later treatment conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of order effects

A
  • carry-over effects
  • contrast effects
  • progressive error
  • fatigue effesct
  • practice effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

carry-over effects

A

occur when one treatment condition produces a change in participants that affects their scores in subsequent treatment conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

contrast effect

A

the subjective perception of a treatment condition is influenced by its contrast with the previous treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

progressive error

A

refers to changes in participants’ behaviour or performance that are related to experience but not specific treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

examples of progressive error

A

Practice effects and fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fatigue effects

A

progressive decline in performance as a participant works through a series of treatment conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

practice effects

A

progressive improvement in performance as a participant gains experience through the series of treatment conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can environmental factors be controlled?

A

Randomization
Holding them constant
Matching across treatment conditions

23
Q

how can treatment effects be controlled?

A

Controlling time
Switching to a between-subjects design
Counterbalancing

24
Q

controlling time

A
  • The possibility that a study will be affected by a time-related threat is directly related to the length of time required to complete the study
  • Shortening the time between treatments can reduce the risk of time-related threats
  • But, this can increase the likelihood that order effects will influence the results
25
Q

switching to a between-subjects design

A

In some situations, order effects are so strong that a researcher wouldn’t even consider using a within-subjects design

26
Q

counterbalancing

A

changing the order in which treatment conditions are administered from one participant to another so that the treatment conditions are matched concerning time

27
Q

goal of counterbalancing

A

to use every possible order of treatments with an equal number of individuals participating in each sequence

28
Q

purpose of counterbalancing

A

to eliminate the potential for confounding by disrupting any systematic relationship between the order of treatments and time-related factors

29
Q

how is counterbalancing usually discussed?

A

in terms of order effects, but it has the same effect on time-related threats

30
Q

limits of counterbalancing

A
  • It does not eliminate order effects entirely
  • It adds the order effects to some of the individuals within each treatment, but not to all of the individuals
  • It assumes symmetry of order effects, which isn’t always justified
  • It is necessary to present the treatments in every possible sequence to completely counterbalance
  • As the number of treatments increases, counterbalancing becomes more complex
31
Q

how is the number of different treatment conditions identified?

A

as n! (n factorial)

32
Q

solution to complex counterbalancing

A

use partial counterbalancing

33
Q

partial counterbalancing

A

uses enough different orderings to ensure that each treatment condition occurs first in the sequence for one group of participants, second for another group, third in another group, and so on

34
Q

latin square

A

a simple and unbiased procedure for selecting sequences that involves creating an n x n matrix and filling it with letters

35
Q

advantages of within-subjects designs

A
  • It requires relatively few participants
  • It eliminates all problems based on individual differences
  • Reduces variance
  • More statistically powerful: it reveals treatment effects that might not be apparent in a between-subjects design
36
Q

disadvantages of within-subjects designs

A
  • There is an opportunity for time-related factors to influence participants’ scores
  • Participant attrition
37
Q

participant attrition

A

some of the individuals who start the research study may be gone before the study is completed

38
Q

three main factors that differentiate within- and between-subjects designs

A

individual differences
time-related differences
number of participants

39
Q

individual differences and choosing within- or between-subjects design

A

if you anticipate large individual differences, it is better to use a within-subjects design

40
Q

time-related factors and order effects and choosing within- or between-subjects design

A

if you expect one or more treatment condition(s) to have large and long-lasting effects that may influence participants in future conditions, it is better to use a between-subjects design

41
Q

fewer participants and choosing within- or between-subjects design

A

whenever it is difficult to find or recruit participants, a within-subjects design is better

42
Q

matched-subjects design

A

each individual in one group is matched with a participant in each of the other groups.

43
Q

how is matching done in matched-subjects designs?

A

so that the matched individuals are equivalent concerning a variable that the researcher considers to be relevant to the study

44
Q

goal of matched-subjects designs

A

to duplicate all advantages of within- and between-subjects designs without the disadvantages of either one

45
Q

advantages of matched subjects

A
  • There are no order effects
  • It removes the variance caused by individual differences
46
Q

disadvantage of matched-subjects designs

A

matching can become very difficult as the number of matched variables increases and the number of different groups increases

47
Q

two main applications of within-subjects designs

A

Two-treatment designs
Multiple-treatment designs

48
Q

two-treatment designs

A

Within-subjects help evaluate the difference between two treatment conditions

49
Q

advantages of two-treatment designs

A
  • It is easy to conduct
  • Increases the likelihood of obtaining a significant difference
  • It is easy to counterbalance
50
Q

disadvantages of two-treatment designs

A
  • It only provides two data points
  • Does not provide any indication of the functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables
51
Q

statistical analyses for two-treatment designs

A
  • In cases with two treatment conditions, a repeated-measures t-test or a single-factor ANOVA (repeated measures) can determine the statistical significance
  • If the data are on an ordinal scale, a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test can be used
52
Q

directionality and two-treatment designs

A
  • Occasionally, a within-subjects study only produces data that shows the direction of the difference between the two treatments
  • In this situation, you can statistically evaluate the data using a sign test
53
Q

advantage of multiple-treatment designs

A

You are more likely to reveal the functional relationship between the two variables being studied

54
Q

disadvantages of multiple-treatment designs

A
  • With too many conditions, the distinction between treatments may become too small to generate significant differences in behaviour
  • Multiple treatments increase the amount of time required for each participant to complete the full series of treatments, increasing participant attrition
  • Counterbalancing becomes more difficult
55
Q

statistical analyses for multiple-treatment designs

A

With data on an interval or ratio scale, repeated-measures ANOVA is typically used

PSYC 306 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions