Ch. 9 Disruptions to Homeostasis Flashcards
Define diabetes
a group of disorders, all of which result in abnormally high glucose level in the blood (hyperglycaemia) and excretion of glucose in the urine
What are the two causes of diabetes (internally)
- body doesn’t produce enough insulin or,
- cells have resistance to insulins effects
Where is insulin created
islets of lagerhands
what are the normal function of glucose
- reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating cells uptake in liver skeletal muscles and fats
What sort of feedback system is glucose regulation
negative
What are the two types of diabetes
type one ‘insulin dependance;
type two ‘non-insulin dependant’
What is the cause of insulin dependance diabetes and what is its result
decline in insulin producing cells
(patients immune system > destroys beta cells > // cannot produce sufficient levels)
> insuffiecient insulin > increase level of glucose
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes
- hunger and fatigue (glucose from food cant be absorbed by cells and turned to energy)
- blurred vision
- dry itchy skin (body using water in urine)
- frequent urination
What are two types of treatment for type 1 diabetes
- regular injections/ programmable pump (animal or human insulin)
- islet transplantation
What factors contribute to type 2 diabetes
- lack of excessive
- high blood pressure/cholesterol
- smoking
What is the internal cause of type two diabetes
gradual resistance to insulin in liver, fats and muscles
what are the symptoms of type two diabetes
non
or similar to type 1
what are treatment options for type 2 diabetes
- manamgnet of diet, exercise, monster b.g.l
2. medication e.g. metaform
How is genetically engineered human insulin made
- gene from human insulin isolated
- introduced into bacterial dna
- bacteria cultured= human insulin
What are benefits of gene therapy of human insulin
enhanced purity
no animals
bacteria rapid
What are 3 points of ethics for human insulin
- religious= medical intervention
- genetic engineering issure= therapy (correction of disease) vs enhancement (improving species)
- somatic vs germline (possible experimentation of human embryos)
What does the thyroid secrete and what is it in response to
thyroxine
in response to thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior
what is thryoxines main role
control body metabolism
how does thyroxine control body metabolism and what is its overall effect
- regulating breakdown of complex molecules (synthesis / releasing energy)
- bring about release of energy
What are the two disorders of the thyroid
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
whats the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypo
per- overactivity= high levels of thyroxine = high metabolism
po- under activity = low levels = low metabolism
what is the cause of hyperthyroidism
graves disease
- immune system makes antibody that causes gland to make too much T4= enlargement of gland
What are the symptoms of hyper (overstimulation)
rapid heart rate
weight loss
sweating
anxiety
What is the treatment of hyper
- surgery to remove gland
- antithyroid medication
- radioactive iodine
what is the 2 problems that cuase hypothyroidism
- primary (thyroid)
secondary (pituitary or hypo)
what is the cause of hypothyroidism
- Hashiomotes (attack on thyroid by immune)
- lack of iodine
- surgery for hyper
What are the symptoms of hypo
- slow heart rate
- overweight
- goitre
What is the treatment of hypo
- increase iodine in diet
- thyroid hormone replacement
