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WACE Human Biology > Ch. 2 Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemical Messengers Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two systems that coordinate cells and how each does it

A

o NS: control by nerve impulses

o Endo: release of chemical messengers (hormones)

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2
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite fluctuation in the external environment

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3
Q

What are the two types of glands

A

Ex/Endocrine

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4
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A
  1. Exocrine gland- secretes to ducts > surface or cavity

Endocrine gland- secretes to extracellular fluid > capillaries > transported by blood.

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5
Q

Why are endocrine referred to as ‘ductless’

A

released directly into blood

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6
Q

Name 8 major endocrine glands

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Thymus
  4. Adrenal gland
  5. Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
  6. Pineal gland
  7. Thyroid gland/parathyroid
  8. Pancreas
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7
Q

Define hormone

A

a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland, and that affects functioning of a cell or organ

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8
Q

What are the three ways hormones affect cells

A
  1. Change shape of enzyme > changes rate of protein production
  2. Rate of transcription/translation > protein production
  3. Turn on/ off structural genes
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9
Q

What are the three factors that effect functioning of hormones

A
  1. Specific (lock and key): only influence cells with correct receptors
  2. Saturation: has max rate when all receptors are occupied
  3. Sensitivity: #/type of receptors on cells
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10
Q

What are the (Three) types of hormones

A

Paracrine, Protein and Amine, Steroid

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11
Q

Define paracrine and what are they also known as

A

> 

any chemical secreted by a cell that diffuses to and affects adjacent cells
  • Local hormones (affect only where produced)
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12
Q

Name the three differences between paracrines and hormones

A
  1. Target Cells
    P-All cells of organ
    H- Specialised cells
  2. Transport
    P-Extracellular fluid/diffusion
    H-Bloodstream
  3. Movement
    P-Remain in organ
    H-All around body
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13
Q

Explain how Protein and Amine hormones work

A
  • Bind to membrane as water soluble // can’t pass through
    1. Protein attach to receptor on membrane of target cell
    2. Hormone receptor complex
    3. Secondary Messenger diffuses through cell
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14
Q

Explain how Steroid hormones work

A
  • Insoluble // diffuse through phospholipid bilayer + bind to organelles
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15
Q

What is enzyme amplification and what does it allow

A
  • Small stimulus> large effect
    > EA: A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of product molecules at the next step
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16
Q

What is hormone clearance and what are the two ways they are cleared

A
  • Desired effect > turned off
    1. Broken down in target cell, or liver or kidney
    2. Excreted in bile or urine
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17
Q

Define negative feedback

A

> 

Negative feedback systems: a situation in which feedback brings about the opposite to, or reduces the effect of, the original stimulus
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18
Q

What is releasing factors and inhibiting factors

A

o Releasing factors- stimulate release of hormone

o Inhibiting factors- slow down secretion of hormone

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19
Q

How is the pituitary joined to the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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20
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary glands and what are their other names

A

Anterior (adenohyphsis)

Posterior (neurohypophsis)

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21
Q

How are the anterior and posterior lobes connected to the hypothalamus each

A

Anterior= blood vessels (not nerves)

Posterior= nerves

22
Q

What are secretions of the anterior controlled by

A

releasing inhibiting factors

23
Q

What are the 6 hormones the anterior lobe releases

A
  1. FSH
  2. Luteinising hormone
  3. Growth hormone
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  6. prolactin
24
Q

Where is FSH released, its target organ and its effects

A

Anterior,

ovaries
testes

development of gamates

25
Q

Where is LH released, its target organ and its effects

A

Anterior

Ovaries and testes

O- ovulation
T- secretion of testosterone

26
Q

Where is growth hormone released, its target organ and its effects

A

Anterior

all cells

growth and protein synthesis

27
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released, its target organ and its effects

A

Anterior

thyroid gland

secretion of hormones of thyroid

28
Q

Where is adrenocorticotropic released, its target organ and its effects

A

Anterior

adrenal cortex

secretions of hormones from AC

29
Q

Where is prolactin released, its target organ and its effects

A

Anterior

Mammary glands

milk production

30
Q

Why is posterior not a true gland

A

no hormones created only released

31
Q

How does the posterior work

A

o Hormones made in nerve cells in hypo > move down extensions through infundibulum to posterior > stored until release triggered by nerve impulses in hypo

32
Q

What are the two hormones released by the posterior

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

33
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone released, its target organ and its effects

A

posterior

kidneys

reabsorption of water

34
Q

Where is oxytocin released, its target organ and its effects

A

posterior

mammary glands (release milk) , uterus (contraction)

35
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete and what does the hormone do

A
  • Secretes melatonin
    o Involved in regulation of sleep patterns
    o Stimulated by darkness, inhibited by light
36
Q

What is the main secretion of the thydroid gland, whats its target cell, and its main effects

A

Thyroxine

most cells

increase metabolic rate > heat production and oxygen consumption

37
Q

What does the parathyroid gland release, its target organ and main effects

A

parathyroid gland (parathormone)

bones and kidney

increase Ca level in blood

38
Q

What are the two disorders of the parathyroid

A

o Hyperparathyroidism: increase PTH secretion> bones soften and too much calcium= kidney stones
o Hypoparathyroidism: too little PTH > little calcium affects NS

39
Q

Where are thymosins released, its target organ and its effects

A

Thymus

Targets t lymphocytes

stimulates development and maturation

40
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland

A

medulla

cortex

41
Q

Where is adrenaline and noradrenalin released, its target organ and its effects

A

medulla

most tissues

prepares for flight or fight, reinforces sympathetic NS
+ increase glucose levels

42
Q

what does the adrenal cortex release

A

corticosteriods
aldosterone
cortisol

43
Q

Where is aldosterone released, its target organ and its effects

A

a Cortex

kidney

reabsorption of Na and excretion of K

44
Q

Where is cortisol released, its target organ and its effects

A

a cortex

most cells

promotes normal metabolism, helps body deal with stress, repair of damaged cells

45
Q

What are the endocrine and exocrine roles of the pancreas

A
  • Exocrine Role: Secretes digestive enzymes into small intestines through pancreatic ducts
  • Endocrine Role: maintain glucose levels
46
Q

Where is insulin released, its target organ and its effects

A

pancreas

most cells

uptake of glucose = lowers levels

47
Q

Where is glucagon released, its target organ and its effects

A

pancreas

liver and fat storage

breakdown of glycogen and fat= increase levels of glucose

48
Q

Where is androgens released, its target organ and its effects

A

testes

many tissues

male characteristics

49
Q

Where is oestrogens released, its target organ and its effects

A

ovaries

many tissues

female characteristics

50
Q

Where is progesterone released, its target organ and its effects

A

ovaries

uturus and mamammary glands

prepare for milk secretion, regulates menstrual cycle

51
Q

What does the kidney secrete and what does it do

A
  • (EPO)
    stimulates production of RBC in bone
    o Athletes take EPO as increase RBC count (which carry oxygen to muscles) to improve aerobic ability, delay fatigue

WACE Human Biology (21 decks)

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