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WACE Human Biology > Ch. 4 Divisions of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Divisions of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the NS

A

receive + process information from sense organs + bring about responses to the received information

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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system, and what dose each contain

A
  1. Central Nervous System
    - Control center
    - Consists of: Brain and Spinal Chord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
    - Nerves that connect the CNS with receptors, muscles + glands
    - Consists of:
    a. Nerve fibres > carry information to and from CNS
    b. Groups of nerve cell bodies (ganglia) > lie outside brain + spinal chord
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3
Q

What are the two types of nerves of the PNS, and how many of each type do we have

A

Cranial 12 pairs (arise from brain) and Spinal 31 pair (arise from spinal chord)

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4
Q

What are mixed nerves

A

o =contain fibres that carry impulses to and from brain

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5
Q

what are the two nerves called that carry info to and from brain

A
  • Fibres that carry impulses to CNS= sensory fibres

- Fibres that carry impulses from CNS= motor fibres

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6
Q

How are each spinal nerve joined to the spinal chord

A

two roots- ventral and dorsal

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7
Q

Explain the ventral root

A
  • Contains axons of motor neurons that have their cell bodies in grey matter of spinal chord
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8
Q

explain the dorsal root (and ganglia)

A
  • Contains axons of sensory neurons that have their cells bodies in a small swelling on the dorsal root = dorsal root ganglia
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9
Q

What are the two main division of the PNS

A

Afferent (into CNS) and Efferent (away from CNS)

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the Afferent NS

A
  1. somatic (skin and muscles)

2. visceral (internal organs)

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of the Efferent NS

A

somatic (to skeletal)

autonomic (to involuntary muscles)

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12
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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13
Q

What is the autonomic NS regulated by

A

o Groups of nerve cells in the medulla oblongata, hypothalamus + cerebral cortex

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14
Q

What are the 6 areas of difference of Autonomic and somatic NS

A 
effectors
general functions
efferent pathways
neurotransmitter
nerves to target area
effect on target area
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15
Q

What are the difference in general function of the Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

A

A- homeostasis

S- response to external environemtn

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16
Q

What are the difference in efferent pathways of the Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

A

A- two neutrons with synapse in ganglion

S- one neuron

17
Q

What are the difference in effectors of the Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

A

A- involuntary

S- voluntary

18
Q

What are the difference in neurotransmitter of the Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

A

A= acetylcholine or noradrenaline

S= acetylcholine

19
Q

What are the difference in nerves to target area of the Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

A

A= two sets (para/symp)

S=one set

20
Q

What are the difference in effect on target area of the Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

A

A= excitation or inhibition

S=always excitation

21
Q

Define parasympathetic/ sympathetic

A
  • Parasympathetic- generally produces responses that maintain body during quiet conditions
  • Sympathetic- generally produces responses that prepare body for strenuous activity
    o Often called fight-or-flight response
22
Q

When a message from autonomic nerves> muscles + glands= carried by which neurotransmitter at nerve endings from Para/sympathetic

A

para= acetylcholine

sym= noradrenalin

23
Q

What are some organs that the para/sympatheic systems affect

A 
Heart- rate and stregth
Lungs- dilate/constrict bronchioles 
Stomach- movement increase decrease
Iris- dilate, constrict 
Salivary glands 
Blood vessels 
bladder 
adrenal medulla
24
Q

what are three organs that while the sympathetic division has effect, the para does not

A

sweat glands, blood vessels, adrenal medulla

25
Q

Define flight or fight/ alarm reaction response

A

response that prepares body for increased activity; brought about by stimulation of sympathetic division of the ANS

26
Q

What are three similarities of the hormonal and nervous system

A
  • some substances act as both hormones + neurotransmitters (dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline)
  • some hormones (oxytocin + epinephrine) are secreted by neurons into extracellular fluid
  • some hormones/neurotransmitters= same effect on same target organs e.g. norepinephrine + glucagon= liver cells to make glycogen > glucose
27
Q

what are the 8 characteristics of differences of the nervous and hormonal systems

A

Nature of message (electrical/ hormone)

Transport of message (membrane/blood)

Cells effected (muscles glands/ all)

Type of response (local and specific/ general and wide)

Time taken (fast/ slow)

duration (brief/ long lasting)

WACE Human Biology (21 decks)

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