Ch 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
ATP
Consistes of 3 phosphate groups, ribose( 5C sugar), adenine
Adenine
Important in ATP, DNA, RNA
(Guanine= important in GTP, DNA, RNA)
(Thymine= important in TTP, DNA, RNA)
(Cytosine = important in CTP, DNA, RNA)
ATP hydrolyzed
Energy released
Producing ADP and inorganic phosphate, energy
Highly exergonic
Phosphorylation
Leads to shape change. Even small change can affect protein activity
Pellagra
Deficiency of niacin (vitamin b3, nicotinic acid)
Glycolysis
Occurs in cytosol
Uses 2 ATP
Comes out: 4 ATP (net production of 2 ATP), 2NADH, pyruvate
feedback inhibition
Presence of product inhibits enzyme 1
Type of allosteric inhibition
If electron acceptor (O2) present
Keeps cycle then to electron transport chain
If electron acceptor (O2) not present
Fermentation
Krebs cycle hypothesis
Pyruvate emerges mitochondria by means of special transport protein in membrane = active process
Uses ATP
Citrate (first thing pyruvate interacts with in krebs)
Most reduced
Oxaloacetate (last thing pyruvate interacts with in krebs)
Most oxidized
Coenzyme A
Transfers acetyl group to oxaloacetate
All 8 of Krebs cycle rxns occur
In mitochondrial matrix, outside cristae
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B/w pyruvate and acetyl CoA
Large complex enzyme
Located at the inner mitochondrial membrane
Made up of 3 enzymes and 5 cofactors (thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid)
Krebs cycle
Produces: 2 ATP, 4CO2, 6NADH,2FADH2
Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 NADH from glucolysis
2NADH from pyruvate processing
6NADH and 2 FADH2 from Krebs cycle
All electrons go to electron transport chain if O present
Electron transport chain occurs
Inner membrane mitochondrial (membranes of cristae)
Electron transport chain: works
NADH goes to FMN (protein with flavin contains group)
FADH2 goes to Fe•S which then goes to ubiquinone
Ubiquinone passes electrons to cytochromes (protein with heme group)
Keeps passing which then passes electrons to Oxygen
Cytochromes
Have heme groups(metal) which readily and reversibly oxidized and reduced. (Bind and give up e-)
Chemiosomotic hypothesis
Linkage indirect ETC creates a proton motive force that drives ATP
H+ important in ETC
Null hypothesis
Linkage indirect, ETC does not produce a proton motive force that drives ATP synthase
No ATP will be produced
ETC:
Outputs: H2O, 26 ADP/ ATP
Fermentation
Allow cells to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis
Input: 2ADP 2NAD+
Output: 2ATP, 2NADH
NAD + and NADH occur in cycle regenerate
Intermediate accepts electrons from NADH
Alcohol fermentation
Occurs in yeast:
2CO2 produced, and ethanol produced
Lactic acid fermentation
Occurs in humans:
No intermediates, pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH
2 Lactate produced
