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Biology > Ch. 9 Cell Division > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of cell division

A
  1. Maintenance of tissue
  2. Repair of tissue
  3. Fighting infection
  4. Cell growth
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2
Q

A single dividing cells forms

A

Two identical daughter forms

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3
Q

Single-celled organisms split themselves in two, to give rise to the next-generation, a process known as

A

Asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Single celled organisms

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Prokaryotes, which are single celled organisms, undergo asexual reproduction through a relatively simple process called

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

Splitting into two

A

Binary fission

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7
Q

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that, in animals and many other eukaryotes, serves the function of

A

Sexual reproduction

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8
Q

The process through which a daughter cell becomes different from the parent cell is known as

A

Cell differentiation

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9
Q

_____ retain the capacity to divide indefinitely without becoming committed to specialized functions

A

Stem cells

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10
Q

refers to the series of events that make up the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell that is capable of dividing

A

Cell cycle

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11
Q

Is the longest stage of the cell cycle in that most cells spend 90% or more of their lifespan in this state

A

Interphase

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12
Q

Is the last stage in the life of an individual cell

A

Cell division

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13
Q

Mitotic cell division takes place in two main steps, the genetic material is separated and systematically distributed to opposite sides of the cell during the first step, known as

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

The Cytoplasm is split to create two separate daughter cells during the second step of mitotic cell division, known as

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Sperm or egg cells, which are collectively known as

A

Gametes

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16
Q

A special type of cell division, called meiosis, occurs in reproductive structures to make

A

Sperm or egg cells

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17
Q

The duplication of DNA, requiring the manufacturer, or synthesis, of new DNA, occurs in the

A

S phase

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18
Q

_____ is the first phase in the life of a newborn cell

A

The G1 phase

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19
Q

____ begins after S phase and before the start of division

A

The G2 phase

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20
Q

The G in G1 and G2 stands for

A

Gap

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21
Q

The decision to divide the cell is made during the

A

G1 phase of the cell cycle

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22
Q

Many cells in the human body exit the cell cycle and remain in a resting stage for sometime

A

G0 phase

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23
Q

The cell has grown and is ready to replicate its DNA

A

G1 phase

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24
Q

DNA replication happens here

A

S phase

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25
Q

Checks are made to ensure conditions are suitable for cell division

A

G2 phase

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26
Q

The replicated DNA is separated with precision

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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27
Q

The cell prepares itself for division by increasing in size and producing proteins needed for division during ____ and ____ phases, and by replicating its DNA during ____

A

G1 and G2 phases, S phase

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28
Q

The process by which the duplicated DNA of a dividing cell is sorted equally between two daughter cells

A

DNA segregation

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29
Q

Threadlike structures, each composed of a single DNA molecule packaged with proteins. Chromosomes achieve the highest levels of compaction when prophase begins during mitosis or meiosis

A

Chromosome

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30
Q

G1, S, G2

A

Interface

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31
Q

Each DNA double helix winds around special DNA packaging proteins to create a DNA-protein complex known as

A

Chromatin

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32
Q

Are all those cells in a multicellular organism that are not gametes, eggs or sperm, or part of gamete-making tissues

A

Somatic cells

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33
Q

Each matched pair of the same type of chromosome is called a

A

Homologous

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34
Q

The X and Y chromosomes are called the

A

Sex chromosomes

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35
Q

Chromatids, held together especially firmly at a constriction point called the

A

Centromere

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36
Q

The first stage of mitosis called

A

Prophase

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37
Q

Paternal

A

Dad

38
Q

Maternal

A

Mom

39
Q

Occurs in somatic cell, results in 2 diploid cells, (2n) ex: humans have 46 chromosomes, 1 round of division

A

Mitosis

40
Q

Occurs in gametes, gamete producing cells, results 4 haploid cells, ex: humans have 23 chromosomes (n) 2 rounds of division

A

Meiosis

41
Q

Mitosis has many stages

A

Early prophase, late Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

42
Q

A cytoskeletal structure in the cytosol that helps organize the mitotic spindle and define the two poles of a dividing cell wall.

A

Centrosome

43
Q

Microtubules are long cylinders of special proteins, and during prophase some microtubules assemble themselves into an elaborate apparatus, called the

A

Mitotic spindle

44
Q

Each centromere has two plaques of protein, called

A

Kinetochores

45
Q

The chromosomes are lined up in a single plane that, in most types of cell division, is equally distance from the two spindle polls

A

Metaphase

46
Q

Begins when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at a spindle pole

A

Telophase

47
Q

A polysaccharide support layer that lies outside the plasma membrane of the cells of many prokaryotes, fungi, and protists and all plants

A

Cell wall

48
Q

Two chromatids in each pair of sister chromatids break free from each other and are dragged to opposite sides of the parent cell, achieving the equal and orderly segregation of the duplicate genetic information present in the parent cell

A

Anaphase

49
Q

A partition, consisting of the membrane and cell wall components, that appears during cytokinesis in dividing plant cells. The cell plate matures into a polysaccharide-based cell wall flanked on either side by the plasma membranes of the two daughter cells

A

Cell plate

50
Q

Longest stage of the cell cycle. Includes G1, S, and G2 cycles. Cell grows and prepares for cell division.

A

Interphase

51
Q

Early prophase

A

Chromosomes condense

52
Q

Nuclear envelope breaks down, myotic spindle assembles

A

Late prophase

53
Q

Microtubules line up the chromosomes at the cells equator

A

Metaphase

54
Q

Cell plate forms

A

Telophase

55
Q

Gametes are produced by

A

Meiosis

56
Q

Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of two gametes in a process known as

A

Fertilization

57
Q

The successful union of an egg and sperm creates a single cell called a

A

Zygote

58
Q

2n

A

46 chromosomes

59
Q

n

A

23 chromosomes

60
Q

Haploid

A

Half

61
Q

Prophase = mitosis =

A

Sisters get pulled apart

62
Q

Prophase 1 = meiosis 1 =

A

Bivalents get pulled apart

63
Q

No change in the amount of the DNA

A

Equational division

64
Q

Recombined chromosomes

A

Crossing over has occurred

65
Q

A display of the specific number and shapes of chromosomes found in the diploid cells of a particular individual, or of a species in general

A

Karyotype

66
Q

Diploid

A

Double

67
Q

totipotent

A

Capable of giving rise to any human cell type

68
Q

pluripotent

A

all tissues except embryonic membrane

69
Q

process by which cells become specialized

A

Differentiate

70
Q

The fusion of egg and sperm during fertilization produces a diploid zygote that starts the dividing through mitosis to make a ball of cells known as

A

Morula

71
Q

5 days after fertilization, the morula is transformed into a hollow ball of cells known as a

A

blastocyst

72
Q

multipotent

A

self renewal

73
Q

Uncontrolled cell reproduction

A

Cancer

74
Q

Tells cell to divide

A

Positive growth regulators

75
Q

Tells cell to die

A

Negative growth regulators

76
Q

Epidermal growth factor pushes cell from G1 to S phase

A

EGF

77
Q

Multi nuclei, Ruffed plasma membrane, grows in layers, cytoplasmic extensions

A

Cancer cells

78
Q

Starts with one uncontrolled cell

A

Cancer

79
Q

Benign tumor

A

Confined to one location

80
Q

Metastatic cells

A

Goes into bloodstream and spreads throughout body

81
Q

Cervical cancer

A

HeLa cells

82
Q

Henrietta Lacks

A

1951

83
Q

Change in DNA code

A

Mutations

84
Q

Proto-oncogene, Code for positive growth regulators, Action results in cell proliferation

A

Oncogene, Uncontrolled cell proliferation

85
Q

Helps regulate Cell growth

A

Tumor suppressor

86
Q

RB gene product is

A

RB protein

87
Q

Guardian angel of the cell

A

P 53

88
Q

Most of all cancers have lost

A

P 53

89
Q

It stops cell division if the time is not right, DNA is damaged,

A

P 53

90
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

Biology (4 decks)

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