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Biology > Ch. 10, 11, 12, 13 & 15, Patterns of inheritance, Chromosomes and human genetics, DNA, From Gene to protein, DNA technology > Flashcards

Ch. 10, 11, 12, 13 & 15, Patterns of inheritance, Chromosomes and human genetics, DNA, From Gene to protein, DNA technology Flashcards

1
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Genetic traits

A

Patterns in which inherited characteristics, or _____ are passed from parent to offspring

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3
Q

A stretch of DNA that governs one or more genetic traits

A

Gene

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4
Q

The display of a particular version of a genetic trait in a specific individual is the ____ of that individual

A

Phenotype

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5
Q

They possess two copies of each type of chromosome

A

Diploid

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6
Q

Two members of the specific chromosome pair found in diploid cells, one of which comes from the individual’s mother and the other from its father

A

Homologous chromosome pair

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7
Q

in a homologous pair of chromosomes, the one that comes from the mother

A

Maternal homologue

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8
Q

In a pair of homologous Chromosomes, the one that comes from the father

A

Paternal Homologue

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9
Q

The sex cells have only one set of chromosomes, that is, half the total number of chromosomes found in a diploid cell

A

Haploid

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10
Q

Different versions of a given gene are known as

A

Alleles

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11
Q

Of an individual is the allelic makeup of that individual leading to a particular phenotype

A

Genotype

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12
Q

An individual who carries two copies of the same allele is said to be a

A

Homozygote

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13
Q

An individual whose genotype consist of two different alleles for a given phenotype is a

A

Heterozygote

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14
Q

The allele that exerts a controlling influence on the phenotype, to the point of masking the effect of a second allele it is paired with, is said to be

A

Dominant

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15
Q

The first generation of offspring in a genetic cross

A

F1 generation

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16
Q

The second generation of offspring in a genetic cross

A

F2 generation

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17
Q

A controlled mating experiment, usually performed to analyze the inheritance of a particular trait

A

Genetic cross

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18
Q

The parent generation in a genetic cross

A

P generation

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19
Q

an allele That does not have a phenotypic effect when paired with a dominant allele

A

Recessive Allele

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20
Q

Any inherited feature of an organism that can be measured or observed, height, flower color, or the chemical structure of a protein, are all examples of genetic traits

A

Trait

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21
Q

Any change in the DNA that makes a gene

A

Mutation

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22
Q

Two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

A

Law of segregation

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23
Q

it charts how alleles are distributed into gametes by meiosis and combined in all possible ways during fertilization

A

Punnett Square

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24
Q

We can represent the separation of the two copies of the gene during meiosis, and their recombining through fertilization, using a diagram called a

A

Punnett Square

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25
Q

Which states that when gametes form, the separation of the two copies (Alleles) of one gene during meiosis is independent of the separation of the copies of other genes

A

Law of independent assortment

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26
Q

What is the ultimate source of genetic variation in a population of organisms?

A

Mutations, which are random changes in the coding information in DNA

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27
Q

When neither allele in a heterozygote is completely dominant over the other, a third phenotype may be observed that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two Homozygous alleles

A

Incomplete dominance

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28
Q

A pair of alleles can also show _____, in which the effect of both alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of the heterozygote

A

Codominance

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29
Q

The situation when a single gene influences a variety of different traits is called

A

Pleiotropy

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30
Q

When the phenotypic effect of the alleles of one gene depends on which alleles are present for another, independently inherited Gene, the phenomenon is known as

A

Epistasis

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31
Q

They are determined by the action of more than one gene

A

Polygenic

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32
Q

Allele H produces straight hair, while allele H’ produces curly hair. Individuals with the HH’ genotype have wavy hair, somewhere between straight and curly. Are alleles H and H’ codominant?

A

No, they display incomplete dominance, since they produce an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote

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33
Q

The ABO blood groups are determined by several alleles of the I gene. Is this a polygenic trait?

A

No, ABO blood groups are controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles

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34
Q

What is Pleiotropy?

A

The phenomenon of a single gene influencing a variety of different traits is called pleiotropy

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35
Q

Explain why this statement is incorrect, Polygenic traits are affected by environmental influences, but single-gene traits are not.

A

The phenotype of some single gene traits may be environmentally influenced. For example, the temperature-sensitive Ct allele in Siamese cats is one allele of a single gene, C.

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36
Q

What are the four human blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

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37
Q

PP

A

Homozygous dominant

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38
Q

Pp

A

Heterozygous

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39
Q

pp

A

Homozygous recessive

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40
Q

True breeding parents

A

Two of the same alleles

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41
Q

The physical location of a gene on chromosome is called a

A

Locus

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42
Q

The concept that genes are located on chromosomes came to be known as the

A

Chromosome theory of inheritance

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43
Q

Chromosomes that determine sex are called

A

Sex chromosomes

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44
Q

All other chromosomes which are not sex chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes

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45
Q

Functions as a master switch, committing the sex of the developing embryo to male

A

The SRY Gene, sex determining region of Y

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46
Q

Genetic Loci that our neighbors or his Positioned close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together and are said to be

A

Genetically linked

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47
Q

Random segments of the chromosomes are swapped between pairs of homologous chromosomes in a process known as

A

Crossing-over

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48
Q

Refers to the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes

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49
Q

Is a chart similar to a family tree that shows genetic relationships among family members over two more generations of the family’s history

A

A pedigree

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50
Q

A needle is inserted through the abdomen Into the uterus to extract a small amount of amniotic fluid from the pregnancy sac that surrounds the fetus

A

Amniocentesis

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51
Q

Another method in which a physician uses ultra sound to guide a narrow, flexible tube through a woman’s vagina and into her uterus, where the tip of the tube is placed next to the villi, a cluster of cells that attaches to the pregnancy sac to the wall of the uterus. Cells are removed from the villi by gentle suction, then tested for genetic disorders

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

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52
Q

One or two cells are removed from the developing embryo, usually three days after fertilization occurs.

A

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

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53
Q

Heterozygous individuals are said to be

A

Carriers

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54
Q

Sex linked genes are found on the X chromosome or the Y chromosome-but not both-males receive only one copy of each sex linked genes

A

Sex-linked

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55
Q

Six-linked genes on the X chromosomes are said to be

A

X-linked

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56
Q

All sex-linked genes on the Y chromosome are said to be

A

Y-linked

57
Q

When chromosomes are being aligned or separated during cell division, breaks can occur that alter the length of one or more chromosomes. Sometimes a piece breaks off and is lost from the chromosome

A

Deletion

58
Q

The fragment returns to the correct place on the original chromosome, but with the genetic Loci in reverse order

A

Inversion

59
Q

A broken piece from one chromosome becomes attached to a different, nonhomologous chromosome

A

Translocation

60
Q

Is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome becomes longer because it ends up with two copies of a particular chromosome fragment

A

Duplication

61
Q

Refers to the condition of having three copies of a chromosome instead of usually two

A

Trisomy

62
Q

Which parent determines gender

A

Dad, they have the X + Y chromosome

63
Q

Female chromosome is always

A

XX

64
Q

Linked genes are

A

Inherited together

65
Q

An inborn error of metabolism that results in maternal MR if left untreated

A

PKU

66
Q

Gender likely to inherit an X-linked disorder

A

Male

67
Q

Is the genetic material in all living cells. It consists of two strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix

A

DNA

68
Q

Such a change in the genotype of a cell or organism after it has absorbed DNA of another genotype is called

A

Transformation

69
Q

A structure that can be thought of as a ladder twisted into a spiral coil

A

Double helix

70
Q

DNA’s untwisted two-dimensional form has to long strands of repeating units called

A

nucleotides

71
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four

A

Nitrogenous Bases

72
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

73
Q

Hydrogen bonds connect the bases on one strand to the bases on the other strand, thereby holding the two strands together. These _____ connected by hydrogen bonds are the rungs of the ladder

A

Base pairs

74
Q

When the sequence of bases on one strand of the DNA molecule is known, the sequence of bases on the other, _____ of the molecule is automatically know

A

Complementary strand

75
Q

DNA is composed of millions of these bases, in the order of the bases along the DNA molecule, or _____, this suggestion has also proved to be correct

A

DNA sequence

76
Q

The duplication of a DNA molecule

A

DNA replication

77
Q

This mode of replication is known as _____, because one old strand from the template DNA is retained, or conserved, in each new double helix

A

Conservative replication

78
Q

The main enzyme involved in the replication of DNA has now been identified and is called

A

DNA polymerase

79
Q

When an incorrect base is added but escapes the mechanism for immediate proofreading a

A

Mismatch error has occurred

80
Q

A change to the sequence of bases in an organism DNA is called a

A

Mutation

81
Q

Mutations can also occur when cells are exposed to _____, substances or energy sources that alter DNA

A

Mutagens

82
Q

The damage to DNA must be recognized, removed, and replaced. Different sets of repair proteins specialize in recognizing defects in DNA structure and removing the damage segment of DNA by cutting it out with special enzymes

A

DNA repair

83
Q

The process by which a cell brings about its own death, through an orderly series of cellular events, is known as

A

Apoptosis

84
Q

Name the enzyme that creates covalent bonds between successive nucleotides to create a polymer complementary to a template DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

85
Q

Describe the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication

A

In DNA replication, each new double helix is composed of one old strand from the template DNA molecule and one newly polymerized strand

86
Q

What types of mechanisms reduce the chance that the DNA in a cell will mutate? Are these mechanisms 100% effective?

A

Proofreading by DNA polymers and the DNA repair system. Neither mechanism is 100% effective

87
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

In 1953 discovered that DNA looked like a double helix

88
Q

Genes are located on

A

Chromosomes

89
Q

Genes are made out of

A

DNA

90
Q

Messenger RNA

A

mRNA

91
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA

92
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA

93
Q

An mRNA molecule is made using the information in the DNA sequence of a gene

A

Transcription

94
Q

The information in the mRNA molecule is used to synthesize the protein

A

Translation

95
Q

The key enzyme in DNA replication is DNA polymerase, while the key enzyme in transcription is

A

RNA polymerase

96
Q

Transcription of Eugene begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a segment of DNA near the beginning of the gene, called a

A

Promoter

97
Q

Only one of the two DNA strands is used as a template, and this strand is called the

A

Template strand

98
Q

A, in RNA pairs with

A

T, in DNA

99
Q

C in RNA

A

Pairs with G in DNA

100
Q

G, in RNA

A

Pairs with C, in DNA

101
Q

U, in RNA

A

Pairs with, A in DNA

102
Q

A DNA sequence that, when reached by RNA polymerase, causes transcription to end and the newly formed mRNA molecule to separate from its DNA template

A

Terminator

103
Q

Another key event in RNA processing. Most freshly transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells have extra base sequences embedded in them that do not carry protein-building information.

A

RNA splicing

104
Q

Regions of DNA within a gene that do not encode any part of the genes protein product

A

Intron

105
Q

A DNA sequence within a gene that encodes part of the protein

A

Exon

106
Q

That information in an mRNA molecule is read by ribosomes in sets of three bases, and each unique sequence of three bases is called a

A

Codon

107
Q

Refers to the information specified by each of the 64 possible codons, the meaning of every word in the language

A

The genetic code

108
Q

When reading the code, the cell begins at a fixed starting point on an mRNA molecule, called a

A

Start codon

109
Q

When reading the code, the cell begins at a fixed starting point on an mRNA molecule, called the start codon, and ends at one of the several

A

Stop codons

110
Q

A sequence of three Nitrogenous bases on a transfer RNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular codon on an mRNA molecule

A

Anticodon

111
Q

Those in which a single base is altered

A

Point mutations

112
Q

One base is substituted for another in the DNA sequence of the gene

A

Substitution mutation

113
Q

Occur when a base is inserted into, or deleted from, a DNA sequence.

A

Insertion or deletion mutation

114
Q

Single insertions and deletions cause a genetic

A

Frameshift

115
Q

In genetics, the large change in coding information that results when the deletion or insertion in a gene sequence is not a multiple of three base pairs. The amino acid sequence of the protein that is translated from such a gene is severely all altered in most cases, and protein function is typically lost

A

Frameshift

116
Q

The strategies and techniques scientists used to analyze and manipulate DNA are broadly known as

A

DNA technology

117
Q

All the information held in the chromosomes

A

Genomes

118
Q

Fragments of DNA can be joined together with the help of special enzymes, creating an artificial assembly of genetic material known as

A

Recombinant DNA

119
Q

Is the introduction of recombinant DNA into a host cell that can generate many copies of the introduced DNA

A

DNA cloning

120
Q

Is the permanent introduction of one or more genes into a cell, a certain tissue, or a whole organism, leading to a change in at least one genetic characteristics in the recipient

A

Genetic engineering

121
Q

Is the use of genetic engineering techniques to alter the characteristics of specific tissues and organs in the human body, with the goal of treating serious genetic disorders or diseases

A

Gene therapy

122
Q

DNA can be split into more manageable pieces by_____, which cut the DNA at highly specific sites

A

Restriction enzymes

123
Q

DNA_____is another important enzyme for making recombinant DNA. DNA____ joins two DNA fragments

A

Ligase

124
Q

DNA is placed into a depression, a well, in a gelatin-like slab

A

Gel electrophoresis

125
Q

A short, single-stranded segment of DNA with a known sequence.

A

DNA probe

126
Q

The goal of such experiments is to determine whether DNA extracted from a particular source has base pair complementary to a specific probe

A

DNA hybridization

127
Q

When exposed to several single-stranded segments of test DNA, a DNA probe binds only to the segment that contains a base sequence that is complementary to the probe

A

DNA hybridization

128
Q

Enables researchers to identify the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA fragments, a gene, or even the entire genome of an organism

A

DNA sequencing

129
Q

Means to make a copy that is genetically identical to the original, so copying a whole organism is also a form of ____

A

Cloning

130
Q

Is a collection of cloned DNA fragments that, together, represents all of the information in the genetic material of one organism

A

DNA library

131
Q

Is a loop or chain of DNA designed to serve as a DNA vehicle

A

DNA vector

132
Q

Are commonly used as DNA vectors. The DNA of certain viruses, or the chromosomes of bacterial or yeast cells, are also used as DNA vectors, especially when large DNA fragments need to be cloned

A

Plasmids

133
Q

Uses a special type of DNA polymerase to make billions of copies of a targeted sequence of DNA in just a few hours

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

134
Q

To amplify a piece of DNA by PCR, researchers must use two short segments of synthetic DNA, call

A

DNA primers

135
Q

The process by identifying DNA unique to a species, or a specific individual within a species, is called

A

DNA fingerprinting

136
Q

To produce offspring that is a genetic copy of a selected individual

A

Reproductive cloning

137
Q

Restriction enzymes are used to cut a DNA sample into small pieces

A

RFLP analysis

138
Q

An individual into which a modified gene or other DNA sequence has been inserted, typically with the intent of improving some aspect of the recipient organism’s performance

A

Genetically modified organisms (GMO)

Biology (4 decks)

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