1,4,5,&6 : Characteristics Of Living Organisms, Chemistry Of Life, Cells Structure And Function, Cell Membranes, Transport And Communication

Question 0

To study the natural world, scientists follow a series of logical steps known as the

Answer 0

Scientific method

Question 1

Is the scientific study of life

Answer 1

Biology

Question 2

The scientific method begins with

Answer 2

Observations

Question 3

After observation, the next step in the scientific method is the creative process of generating a

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

After hypothesis comes

Answer 4

Predictions

Question 5

After the prediction of a hypothesis is a

Answer 5

Test

Question 6

Living organisms are

Answer 6

Composed of cells, reproduce using DNA, grow and develop, actively taking energy from their environment, maintain constant internal conditions, can evolve as groups

Question 7

Viruses are composed of

Answer 7

No cells, sometimes they reproduce using DNA, they do not grow and develop, they do not take in energy, they have no internal conditions, and they evolve very rapidly.

Question 8

Is a virus alive?

Answer 8

No, they have no cells.

Question 9

The smallest and most basic unit of life

Answer 9

Cell

Question 10

Larger organisms, such as monkeys and oak trees, our made up of many different kinds of specialized cells and are known as

Answer 10

Multicellular organisms

Question 11

The biological hierarchy

Answer 11

Molecule, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Question 12

Is the heredity, or genetic, material that transfers information from parents to offspring

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

Organisms maintain remarkably constant internal conditions

Answer 13

Homeostasis

Question 14

A change in groups of organisms overtime

Answer 14

Evolution

Question 15

Consists of all organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, but that do not, or cannot, breed with other organisms

Answer 15

Species

Question 16

Are groups of organisms within a species that live and interact with one another, like the mountain lions of one particular mountain range

Answer 16

Populations

Question 17

Biologists find it useful to organize life into a

Answer 17

Biological hierarchy

Question 18

At the lowest level, the hierarchy begins with the

Answer 18

Molecules found primarily in living organisms, and examples such as DNA

Question 19

Transforms the suns energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars and starches

Answer 19

Producers

Question 20

Organisms that eat either producers or other organisms whose energy ultimately derives from producers

Answer 20

Consumers

Question 21

Organisms that derive their sustenance from dead organisms or cast-off parts of living organisms

Answer 21

Decomposers

Question 22

A depiction of producers, consumers, and decomposers that illustrates who eats whom is known as a

Answer 22

Food web

Question 23

Has a distinctive set of physical and chemical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods

Answer 23

Element

Question 24

Defined as the smallest unit of an element that still has a characteristic chemical properties of that element

Answer 24

Atom

Question 25

Has a positive charge

Answer 25

Proton

Question 26

Has a negative charge

Answer 26

Electronic

Question 27

Has a neutral charge

Answer 27

Neutron

Question 28

A single Atom has a dense central core, called the

Answer 28

Nucleus

Question 29

The number of protons found in atoms nucleus is the

Answer 29

Atomic number

Question 30

Elements can also be distinguished by their

Answer 30

Atomic mass number

Question 31

The sum of an atoms protons and neutrons

Answer 31

Atomic mass number

Question 32

A variant form of a chemical element that differs in its number of neutrons, and therefore in its atomic mass number, from the most common form of that element

Answer 32

Isotope

Question 33

An unstable, radioactive form of element that releases energy as it decays to more stable forms at a constant rate overtime

Answer 33

Radioisotope

Question 34

The attractive interaction that causes to Atoms to associate with each other is known as a

Answer 34

Chemical bond

Question 35

Atoms that become charged due to loss or gain of electrons are called

Answer 35

Ions

Question 36

The chemical attraction between negatively charged and positively charged ions is called a

Answer 36

Ionic bond

Question 37

Is an assemblage of Atoms in which at least two of the atoms are linked through electron sharing

Answer 37

Molecule

Question 38

Electron sharing creates an exceptionally strong chemical bond known as a

Answer 38

Covalent bond

Question 39

Hydrogen Atoms have_____ electronic shell. Carbon atoms have

Answer 39

One electron shell, two electron shells

Question 40

70% of every organism is

Answer 40

H20, water

Question 41

A hydrogen bond is

Answer 41

Polar

Question 42

Is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 42

PH

Question 43

Number one on the pH scale is the

Answer 43

Highest concentration

Question 44

Any substance that contains atoms from two or more different elements, each in a precise ratio, is known as a

Answer 44

Chemical compound

Question 45

Hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are individually weak but collectively potent, which means they are very

Answer 45

Strong

Question 46

Atoms can be linked, not only by covalent bonds, but also via

Answer 46

Noncovalent bonds

Question 47

Molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are called

Answer 47

Polar molecules

Question 48

Forms when a hydrogen Atom with a partial positive charge interacts with a neighboring polar molecule that contains a partial negative atom

Answer 48

Hydrogen bond

Question 49

Dissolve, mix completely with the water

Answer 49

Soluble

Question 50

Any combination of a solute a dissolved substance, such as salt

Answer 50

Solution

Question 51

Molecules that associate with water are called

Answer 51

Hydrophilic, Hydro = water, philic = loving

Question 52

Molecules that are excluded from water are called

Answer 52

Hydrophobic, phobic = fearing

Question 53

The process of breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new chemical bonds is known as a

Answer 53

Chemical reaction

Question 54

A substance that undergoes a chemical reaction, either alone or in conjunction with other reactants

Answer 54

Reactant

Question 55

The alteration of electron sharing patterns through a chemical reaction yields at least one chemical substance that is different from the reactants and the newly formed substance or substances are called the

Answer 55

Products of the chemical reaction

Question 56

Is a polar compound that dissolves in water and loses one or more hydrogen ions

Answer 56

Acid

Question 57

Are also polar compounds, but unlike acids, they accept hydrogen ions from their surroundings

Answer 57

Bases

Question 58

A pH of 7 means that a solution is

Answer 58

Neutral

Question 59

Values below 7 on the pH scale, indicate

Answer 59

Acidic solutions, The lower the value, the more acidic the solution

Question 60

A solution with a pH of 7 or above is

Answer 60

Basic

Question 61

Maintaining the concentration of hydrogen ions within narrow limits

Answer 61

Buffers

Question 62

Molecules that include at least one carbon hydrogen bond are referred to as

Answer 62

Organic molecules

Question 63

Small organic molecules can link up via covalent bonds to create larger assemblies of Atoms called

Answer 63

Macromolecules, macro = large

Question 64

Small molecules that serve as repeating units in a macromolecule or called

Answer 64

Monomers, mono = 1

Question 65

Macromolecules that contain monomers as the building blocks are called

Answer 65

Polymers, poly = many

Question 66

Sugars and their polymers are referred to as

Answer 66

Carbohydrates

Question 67

The simplest sugar molecules are called

Answer 67

Monosaccharides, mono = 1, Sacchar = sugar

Question 68

The one monosaccharide that is found in almost all cells is

Answer 68

Glucose

Question 69

Has a key role as an energy source within the cell, and nearly all the chemical reactions that produce energy for living organisms

Answer 69

Glucose

Question 70

Went to monosaccharides combined they form a

Answer 70

Disaccharide, di = 2

Question 71

Up to thousands of monosaccharides can be linked together to form a polymer called a

Answer 71

Polysaccharide

Question 72

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, are all

Answer 72

Carbohydrates

Question 73

Glucose plus fructose equals

Answer 73

Surcros

Question 74

Bunch of new Nucleotides together

Answer 74

Double helix

Question 75

Nucleotides Are composed of

Answer 75

A nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and up to three phosphate groups

Question 76

Nitrogenous base

Answer 76

Nitrogen-containing base, that is covalently bonded to a 5-carbon sugar which in turn is covalently bonded to a phosphate group

Question 77

Phosphate group

Answer 77

A functional group consisting of a phosphate atom and four oxygen atoms

Question 78

Five different nucleotides serve as the components for a class of polymers called

Answer 78

Nucleic acids

Question 79

Nucleic acids in living cells are of two kinds

Answer 79

The Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, and ribonucleic acid, RNA

Question 80

DNA is distinguished from RNA by the type of

Answer 80

Sugar in is nucleotides and by two of the nitrogenous bases that bond with that sugar

Question 81

Ribose, the sugar in RNA, differs from deoxyribose, the sugar in DNA in that it has

Answer 81

One or more oxygen atom

Question 82

The most universal of these energy carriers is the nucleotide known as

Answer 82

Adenosine triphosphate, or a ATP

Question 83

Proteins known as ______ speed up the chemical reactions that are vital for life processes

Answer 83

Enzymes

Question 84

Are the monomers that build proteins

Answer 84

Amino acids

Question 85

Linear chains of amino acids are covalently linked to create a polymer known as

Answer 85

Polypeptide

Question 86

In a polypeptide chain, the amino group of one amino acid is covalently linked to the carboxyl group of another via a covalent linkage called a

Answer 86

Peptide bond

Question 87

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is known as the

Answer 87

Primary structure of that polypeptide

Question 88

The next level of organization in a polypeptide is the regional folding of the amino acid chain into specific patterns that constitute the

Answer 88

Secondary structure

Question 89

In addition to having a secondary structure, most polypeptides must undergo an additional level of folding, to create a

Answer 89

Tertiary structure before they can function as a protein

Question 90

Proteins are made from

Answer 90

Amino acids

Question 91

An amino acid

Answer 91

Has a functional amino group, a hydrogen Adam, a carboxyl functional group

Question 92

There are ____ naturally occurring amino acids

Answer 92

20

Question 93

How are the 20 amino acids different

Answer 93

They all have in R group

Question 94

A peptide bond is formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid bonds covalently with the amino group of another amino acid. In the process, an OH group is eliminated from the carboxyl end and a hydrogen Atom is released from the amino end, the OH and H come together to form one molecule of?

Answer 94

Water

Question 95

Some proteins are composed of more than one polypeptide, in which case they have yet another level of organization, called the

Answer 95

Quaternary structure

Question 96

The destruction of a proteins three-dimensional structure, resulting in loss of protein activity, is known as

Answer 96

Denaturation

Question 97

Are hydrophobic molecules made by living cells and they are built from chains or rings of hydrocarbon Atoms

Answer 97

Lipids

Question 98

Lipids that are solid or semi solid at room temperature are commonly called

Answer 98

Bats

Question 99

Most lipids are built from one or more

Answer 99

Fatty acids

Question 100

Fatty acids in which all the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are linked together by a single covalent bond are said to be

Answer 100

Saturated because each carbon in it is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Question 101

When one or more of these carbon atoms are linked by double bonds, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated

Answer 101

Because some of the carbon atoms are not bonded to a full complement of hydrogen atoms

Question 102

Unsaturated bonds has a

Answer 102

A bent from the double bond

Question 103

When all three hydroxyl groups in glycerol are bonded to a fatty acid, the resulting compound is called a

Answer 103

Triglyceride

Question 104

Is created when a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains form covalent bonds to glycerol

Answer 104

Phospholipid

Question 105

Because of their dual character, phospholipids exposed to water spontaneously arrange themselves in double-layered sheets, known as

Answer 105

Phospholipid bilayers

Question 106

Cell membranes are composed of

Answer 106

Phospholipids

Question 107

Are the basic unit of life

Answer 107

Cells

Question 108

Every cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic has a lipid-based outer boundary, called the

Answer 108

Plasma membrane

Question 109

All the contents of a cell internal to the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus, are collectively called the

Answer 109

Cytoplasm

Question 110

The cytoplasm contains a water-based fluid called the ____ that is composed of a multitude of free ions and molecules next in water

Answer 110

Cytosol

Question 111

In addition to the cytosol, the cytoplasm contains structures called

Answer 111

Organelles that are part of the machinery of the cell

Question 112

Are small organelles found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 112

Ribosomes

Question 113

Many of the largest organelles, such as the ______, are wrapped in lipid membranes similar to the plasma membrane but with different types of proteins embedded in them

Answer 113

Nucleus

Question 114

The concept of the plasma membrane as a highly mobile mixture of also phospholipids, other types of lipids and membrane proteins, is referred to as the

Answer 114

Fluid Mosaic model

Question 115

Organisms whose DNA is not confined within the membrane-enclosed nucleus are known as

Answer 115

Prokaryotes

Question 116

Those that have a nucleus, and an elaborate system of other membrane-enclosed compartments, are known as

Answer 116

Eukaryotes

Question 117

The boundary of the nucleus, called the

Answer 117

Nuclear envelope

Question 118

Each DNA molecule, wound around spools of the compacting proteins, constitutes one

Answer 118

Chromosome

Question 119

The nuclear envelope contains many small openings called

Answer 119

Nuclear pores

Question 120

The nuclei most cells contain one or more distant regions, known as the

Answer 120

Nucleoli

Question 121

Is a region of the nucleus that specializes in churning out large quantities of a special type of RNA, called our rRNA

Answer 121

Nucleolus

Question 122

Is an extensive and complex network of tubes and flattened sacks, all connected to one another

Answer 122

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 123

A general term for the space inside any closed structure inside the cell or inside the body

Answer 123

Lumen

Question 124

Manufacture of various types of lipids destined for other cellular compartments, including the plasma membrane

Answer 124

Smooth ER

Question 125

Specializes in manufacturing proteins that are destined for specific compartments within the cell or for export to the outside of the cell

Answer 125

Rough ER

Question 126

Are small, membrane-in closed sacks with functions ranging from storage to the disassembly of macromolecules

Answer 126

Vesicles

Question 127

Specialize in moving substance from one location to another within the Cytoplasm and to and from the exterior of the cell

Answer 127

Transport vesicles

Question 128

Direct proteins and lipids produced by the ER to their final destinations, either inside or outside the cell

Answer 128

Golgi apparatus

Question 129

Are like the junkyard and recycling center of the cell

Answer 129

Lysosomes

Question 130

Are lashed in a whipped like pattern

Answer 130

Eukaryotic flagella

Question 131

Are pod shaped and bound by double membranes, that is, two distinctly different lipid bilayers

Answer 131

Mitochondria

Question 132

Are relatively rigid, hollow cylinders of protein, help position organelles, move transport vesicles and other organelles, and generate propulsive in cell projections such as the cilia or flagella found in some eukaryotic cells

Answer 132

Microtubules

Question 133

Are rope like cables of protein, the nature of which can vary from one cell type to another

Answer 133

Intermediate filaments

Question 134

Are the thinnest and most flexible of the three types of cytoskeletal structures

Answer 134

Microfilaments

Question 135

Why a cytoskeleton?

Answer 135

Support plasma membrane, position organelles, create highways to transport vesicles, shape, mechanical strength, locomotion, move

Question 136

Cells release substances to the outside via

Answer 136

Exocytosis

Question 137

Molecules can move down a _______ that is, from an area of abundance to an area of scarcity.

Answer 137

Concentration gradient

Question 138

Without any input of energy

Answer 138

Passive transport

Question 139

With an input of energy

Answer 139

Active transport

Question 140

To spread passively, until it is evenly distributed throughout the water

Answer 140

Diffuse

Question 141

Recruit special substances inside the cell

Answer 141

Receptors

Question 142

Enable ions of the right size and charge to move through the plasma membrane, as long as they are moving down a concentration gradient

Answer 142

Channel proteins

Question 143

Also transport substances in a passive matter, but they function more like a revolving door then an open tunnel

Answer 143

Passive carrier proteins

Question 144

Can move molecules across the plasma membrane with the aid of an energy-rich molecules such as ATP

Answer 144

Active carrier proteins

Question 145

Is an external medium that is more watery, has fewer solutes, therefore a higher water concentration

Answer 145

Hypotonic solution

Question 146

Water is constantly moving into and out of cells by a process called

Answer 146

Osmosis

Question 147

Is an external medium that is less Watery

Answer 147

Hypertonic solution

Question 148

Is just right

Answer 148

Isotonic solution

Question 149

Is the process by which cells release substances into their surroundings by fusing membrane, enclosed vesicles with the plasma membrane

Answer 149

Exocytosis

Question 150

The reverse of exocytosis is

Answer 150

Endocytosis

Question 151

Cell eating

Answer 151

Phagocytosis

Question 152

All the cells in a multicellular body must be woven together properly, with appropriate means of

Answer 152

Cell communication

Question 153

The structures, usually consisting of protein complexes, that anchors cells or holds them together or interconnect them, are known as

Answer 153

Cell junctions

Question 154

Cells communicate through

Answer 154

Gap junctions

Question 155

A leakproof seal

Answer 155

Tight junctions

Question 156

Act as protein hooks between cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix

Answer 156

Anchoring junctions

Question 157

Communication between cells is based on the release and transmission of

Answer 157

Signaling molecules

Question 158

The signaling molecule is received by another cell

Answer 158

Target cell

Question 159

Are long-lasting signaling molecules that can act over long distances

Answer 159

Hormones

Question 160

Bind and support body parts

Answer 160

Connective tissue

Question 161

Three components of connective tissue

Answer 161

Specialized cells, ground substance, protein fibers

Question 162

Collagen, reticular, or elastic

Answer 162

Protein fibers

Question 163

Non-cellular material, solid, semi-solid, or liquid

Answer 163

Ground substance

Question 164

Many types of CT can be found in the knee

Answer 164

Loose fibrous tissue, Cartilage, dense fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, compact bone

Question 165

Materials dissolved in water are referred to as

Answer 165

Salutes

Question 166

The regulatory process in homeostatic pathways commonly have

Answer 166

Feedback loops

Question 167

Processes with __________ have multiple steps, and one step can reach back to control an earlier step in such a way that the output of the process as a whole is changed

Answer 167

Feedback loops

Question 168

Turns off or reduces the output of a process

Answer 168

Negative feedback loop

Question 169

Is an in evitable byproduct of an animal’s metabolism some energy is released as heat whenever electrons are transferred, or bonds are broken or formed, during biochemical reactions

Answer 169

Metabolic heat

Question 170

Are organized to highly branched networks that can be so narrow that the single red blood just barely fits with in them

Answer 170

Capillaries, the smallest blood vessel

Question 171

Are specialized to regulate how the internal environment exchanges water, solutes, and heat directly with the external environment

Answer 171

Epithelial tissue

Question 172

CT is divided into two main categories

Answer 172

Fibrous connective tissue, specialized connective tissue

Question 173

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 173

Blood, lymph

Question 174

Moves body and body parts

Answer 174

Muscular tissue

Question 175

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Answer 175

Muscular tissue

Question 176

Muscles tissue components

Answer 176

Cells = muscle fibers, protein filaments = actin and myosin

Question 177

Receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses

Answer 177

Nervous tissue

Question 178

Neurons = cells that conduct nerve impulses, Neuroglia = cells that support and nourish neurons

Answer 178

Nervous tissue components

Question 179

Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

Answer 179

Epithelial tissue

Question 180

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar

Answer 180

Squashed, cube, columns

Question 181

One layer of cells, many layers cells

Answer 181

Simple, stratified

Question 182

Process of maintaining appropriate and constant internal conditions inside cells. Allows vital biomechanical reactions to occur

Answer 182

Homeostasis

Question 183

Which loop is the primary homeostatic mechanism

Answer 183

Negative

Question 184

Thoracic, contains heart, lungs and esophagus. Abdominal, contain stomach, liver, spleen. Pelvic contains reproductive and other organs

Answer 184

Ventral cavity

Question 185

Cranial = contains brain. Vertebral= contains spinal cord

Answer 185

Dorsal cavity

Question 186

Dr. House wants to remove your spleen, which cavity does he want to open?

Answer 186

Abdominal

Question 187

Study of skin disease

Answer 187

Dermatology

Question 188

Skin contains all for tissue types

Answer 188

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer,

Question 189

EPI

Answer 189

= Upon

Question 190

Increase in diameter

Answer 190

Vasodilation

Question 191

Decrease in diameter

Answer 191

Vasoconstriction

Question 192

As cells divide they go up

Answer 192

Epidermis

Question 193

Renew, replace skin cells

Answer 193

Stem cells

Question 194

As cells divide they go up

Answer 194

Keratinization

Question 195

What is acne?

Answer 195

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands

Question 196

Is the study of fingerprints

Answer 196

Dermatoglyphics

Question 197

There are three basic fingerprint patterns

Answer 197

Arches, loops, whorls

Question 198

AFIS

Answer 198

Automated fingerprint identification system

Question 199

When describing the human body always refer to

Answer 199

Anatomical position

Question 200

Supports and protects the long axis of the body

Answer 200

The axial skeleton

Question 201

The bones of the arms and legs and the pelvis make up the

Answer 201

Appendicular Skelton

Question 202

Surround themselves with a hard, nonliving mineral matrix composed largely of calcium and phosphate compounds that we accumulate from our diet

Answer 202

Osteocytes

Question 203

A tissue that, depending on the type of bone, produces blood cells, such as red blood cells, or stores fat

Answer 203

Marrow

Question 204

Forms the hard, white outer region

Answer 204

Compact bone

Question 205

Lies inside the compact bone and is almost extensive at the knobby ends of our long bones

Answer 205

Spongy bone

Question 206

Is a dense tissue that combines strength with flexibility

Answer 206

Cartledge

Question 207

A tough but pliable protection that makes 25% of all the protein in the human body

Answer 207

Collagen

Question 208

Specialized, flexible bands of tissue called_______ join bone to bone to help hold a joint together

Answer 208

Ligaments

Question 209

Junctions in the skeletal system that let the Skelton move in specific ways

Answer 209

Joints

Question 210

Also rich in collagen, connect muscle to bones, _______help hold the meat together by connecting the upper leg muscles to the bones of the lower leg

Answer 210

Tendons