ch 9 articulations Flashcards
athrology
scientific study of joints
what is the relationship between stability and mobility in articulations
the more stalbe, the less mobile. and vice versa
what does it mean for joints to be classified on a structural basis
they are classified based off type of conn tiss and if there is a space between the bones
types of joints classified structurally
fibrous joint, cartilagionous join, synovial joint
types of joints classified by amount of movement permitted
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
where does a fibrous join occur
where bones are held together by dense irrg conn tiss
where to cartilaginous joints occur
where bones are joined by cartialge
what is contained in a synovial joint
a fluid filled cavity with synovial fluid that separates cartilage covered articulating surfaces of bones.
what are the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint contained in and what are the bones joined by
a capsule, bones joined by various ligaments
what is a synarthrosis, and how many types/what types of joints are synarthrosis
an immobile joint. 2 fibrous, one cart
amphiarthrosis / how many and what types
slightly mobile. 1 fibrous joint and one cart joint
diarthrosis/ how many and what type
freely mobile joint, all synovial joints are these
what are the three types of fibrous joints
gomphoses, suture, syndesmosis
where are the gomphosis joints in the human body located
only located in articulations of teeth.
what is the gomphosis joint classified as, functionally
synarthrosis
sutures, where do sutures occur and what are they classified as functionally
synarthrosis, only between bones of skull. dense reg conn tiss.
why do sutures have jagged irregular edges
they increase strength and decrease number of fractures
what is synostoses
what sutures becomes when they are completed fused when the individual reaches adulthood
syndesmoses, where do they occur, and what is their functional classification
amphiarthroses, where articulationg bones are joined by dense reg conn tiss.
occur between radius and ulna, and tib and fib.
what type of joint contains interosseous membrane and what is it
syndesmosis. a broad ligamentous sheet that binds two articulating bones together (radius and ulna and tib and fib.
types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses, symphyses
what type of conn tiss do fibrous joints have
dense regular
what are cartilaginous joints attached by
attached by cartilage
what jiont doesnt have a cavity
cartilaginous
what specifically are synchrodoses joined by
(chondros = cartilage) joined by hyalin cartilage
what are synchondroses labeled as functionally
synarthroses
what is a main distinguishing feature of synchondroses
main feat: hyalin cart of epiphyseal plates in children form these to bind epi to diaphysis in long bones. replaced by bone when they stop growing and eliminate the synchondrosis.
where are synchrondroses located / when do they fuse
spheno-occipital synchrondosis - body of sphenoid and basil part of occipital. fuse between 18-25
first sternocostal joint -attachment of first rib to sternum by costal cartilage. unite to manubrium to stabilize rib cage
costochondral joints - between each rib and its costal cartilage (NOT between ribs and sternum of ribs 2-7, that is synovial)
symphesis, what is its functinoal classification, what is it made of(and its function) and hwere is it
has a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones that resists compression and tension/shock.
classified as a amphiarthroses
ex:
-pubic symphesis. becomes more mobile during pregnancy and stops when not pregs
-intervertebral joints, only slight movements to allow spine flexibility
what separates the bones of a synovial joint
a joint cavity
synovial joint locations
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, temporomandibular joint, elbow, knee
basic distinguishing features of synovial joints
articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels
parts of articular capsule and what joint is it in
in synovial joints, has fibrous later on outside and synovial membrane on inside
what does aritcular cartilage cover, what kind of cartilage is it
all articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint, hyalin cartilage
functions of articular cartilage and what does it lack
reduces friction, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones, absorbs compression places on a joint.
lacks a perichondrium
why does articular cartilage need excercise to keep it strong
it is avascular like all mature cartilage, and it cant heal without nutrients and waste removal, so the compression from excercise enhances waste removal and nutrition to keep it healthy.
joint cavity functions and what does it secrete
contains synovial fluid and permits separation of bones. reduces fruction. seretes synovial fluid from synovial membrane and blood plasma
functions of synovial fluid
lubrication, nourishment of chondrocytes, shock absorbtion,
ligaments function and composition
composed of dense reg conn tiss. connect bones to each other and strengthen synovial joints.
extrinsic ligaments vs intrinsice ligaments
outside of articular capsule vs thickenings of the articular capsule itself (extracapsular on surface and intra within)
hiltons law
nerves that innervate a joint also innervate the muscles that move the joint
bursa
fibrous sac that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane. alleviate friction
tendon sheath
elongated bursa around tendons wehre there is alot of friction, like around fingers and wrist
fat pads location and function
usually among margins of syn joint, usually in spaces formed when bones and cavities change shape. pack material and protection.
tendons, what are they made of and what do they do
not part of synovial itself. dense reg conn tiss. binds bone to muscle instead of bone to bone like a ligament. stabilize joint
dif btwn tendons and ligaments
tendons are muscle to bone, ligs are bone to bone
classifications of synovial joints by shapes of art surface and the movement they allow
uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial(triaxial)
uniaxial
moves only along one plane or axis
biaxial
moves along 2 planes or axis
multiaxial
moves in multiple planes or axes
types of synovial joints from least to most mobile
plane(uniaxial), hinge(uniaxial) , pivot(uniaxial) , condylar(biaxial) , saddle(biaxial), ball and socket(multiaxial)
plane joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples
2 flatish bones that that only allow side to side movements (uniaxial)
intercarpal and intertarsal joints
hinge joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples
convex side of a bone in concave depression of another bone joint. uniaxial, moves liek door hinge.
elbow joint, knee, finger
pivot joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples
uniaxial, one bone w rounded surface fits into a ring formed by ligament of another bone. rotates side to side
proximal radioulnar joint - round head pivots around ulna, rotating radius
atlantoaxial joint btwn first 2 cervical vert (shaking head “no” neck pivots)
condylar joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples
biaxial, oval convex surface on one bone w a concave articular sruface on second bone
metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)
saddle joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples
both bones resemble shape of saddle, biaxial but greater range than condylar or hinge.
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
ball and socket joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples
multiaxial, spherical head fits into round socket of another. more shallow the socket the less stable but more mobile.
shoulder
sprain
overstretching or straining of ligaments
osteoarthritis
inflamation of joint resulting from breakdown of articular cartilage
rheumatoid arthritis
inflammation of joint due to attack on synovial components by immune system
what is a gliding motion
two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in any direction
types of angular motion and their opposing movements if any / definition of angular motion
angle between artic bones increases or decreases
-flexion/extension
-extension/flexion
-lateral flexion
-abduction/adduction
-adduction/abduction
-circumduction
flexion and what type of movement category is it
angle between articulating bones decreases
extension and what type of movement category is it
angle between articulationg bones increases
lateral flexion and what type of movement category is it
vertebral column bends in lateral direction along coronal plane
abduction and what type of movement category is it
lateral movement away from midline
adduction
lateral movement toward midline
circumduction and what type of movement category is it
angular ; continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succesion. distal end of limb or digit moves in circle
rotational movement definition and subtypes/opposing movements
bone pivots around own longitudinal axis
-pronation/supination
-supination/pronation
pronation
rotating forarm so hand is turned posteriorly
supination
rotating forarms so hand is tuner anteriorly
special movements definition and subtypes/opposing movements
types of movement not fitting in other categories
-depression/elevation
-elevation/depression
-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
-plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
-inversion/eversion
-eversion/inversion
-protraction/retraction
-retraction/protraction
-opposition/reposition
depression movement and opposition
movement of a body part inferiorly
elevation movement and opposition
movement of a body part superiorly
dorsiflexion movement and opposition
ankle movement where dorsum(superior part of foot) is brought closer to anterior surface of leg/ plantar flexion
plantar flexion
ankle joint movement where sole of foot is brought toward posterior surface of leg / dorsiflexion
inversion
twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward / eversion
eversion movement and opposition
twisting motion of foot that turns sole laterally or outwards / inversion
protraction movement and opposition
anterior movement of body part from anatomic position / retraction
retraction
posterior movement of body part from anatomic position / protraction
opposition
movement of thumb across palm towards fingers to allow grasping of objects / reposition
where and what are intervertebral discs / what are their components
a pad of fibrocartilage that separates and cushions between each vertebrae as well as in the articulation processes of each vertebra
anulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosis. what is it made out of and what does it contain
part of intervertebral discs. outer layer made of fibrocartilage, contains collagen fibers that attach disc to bodies of adjacent vertebrae and ligaments that run along them
nucleus puplosus
inner gelatinous core of disc and is mainly water with some reticular and elastic fibers
anterior/poster longitudinal ligament
thick sturdy lig that attaches vertebral bodies and discs and their anterior surfaces
posterior attaches psosterior aspects- much thinner and runs THRU vert canal
interspinous ligaments
interconnect spinous processos of vertebrae and merge with supraspinous ligament
supraspinous ligaments
interconnects tips of spinous processes from c7 to base of skull
ligamentum favum
connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
movements that the vertebra can do
single set is limited, but among entire column can do flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
type of joints formed at superior and inferior articular processes of vertebra
plane joints
atlanto-occipital joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)
btwn atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone (synovial condylar joint, diarthrosis, extension and flexion of head, lat flexion side to side)
atlantoaxial joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)
betwen arch of atlas and dens of axis (synovial pivot joint, diarthroses, head rotation)
intervertebral joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)
connection between superior and inferior vertebral processes of adjacent vert (cartilagionous symphesis joint btwn vert bodies and synovial plane jnt btwn artic processes/ amphiarthrosis btwn bodies, diarthrosis btw art processes/ extension, flexiion, lat flexion of vert column)
vertebrocostal joints (structural and functional classification, description of movement)
heads of ribs and bodies of thoracic vertebrae/their intervert discs AND tubercles of rubs to facets of tranverse process of thoracic vert. ( synovial plane / diarthrosis / slight gliding of ribs)
lumbosacral joint
5th lumbar vert body to base of sacrum AND facets of 5th lumbar vert to 1st sacral vert ( cart symphysis btwn body and base, synovial plane btwn art facets / amphiarthrosis btwn body and bse, diarthrosis btwn facets / extension, flexion, lat flex of vert column)
sternocostal joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)
sternum and first seven pairs of ribs (cart synchondrosis btwn sternum and 1st rib, synovial plane for rest / synarthrosis for 1st, diarthrosis rest / no movement for first, gliding for rest)
herniated disc
pulposus extruded from inside cartilage pad. bulging disc is not yet herniated
what are the parts of the joint capsule in the shoulder called
subacromial burso and subdeltoid bursa
ligaments on the anterior part of joint capsule in shoulder are calls
glenohumeral ligaments
ligaments connecting scapula to clavicle
acromioclavicular ligament and coraclavicular ligament
ligament connecting acromion to coracoid process in scapula
coraco-acromial ligament
what surrounds the glenoid fossa in the shoulder joint
glenoid labrum
muscles in shoulder with tendons that travers the ball and socket joint
SITS muscles:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
types of disclocations in teh shoulder
acromioclavicular and glenohumeral
what is the main shoulder joint called in the socket on scapula
glenohumeral joint, socket called glenoid
what is the hip joint called
coxal joint - btwn head of femur and acetabulum
acetabulur labrum
deepends the coxal joint
what does the articular capsule of the hip do and where is it
above the acetabulum and it connects the fmeur to the hip to strengthen it.
what are hte ligamentous fibers of the articular capsules called and what do they reflect to
rentinacular fibers, refecty aroudn the neck of the femur. provid stability. contain arterires that supply blood
what are the spiraling intracapsular ligaments reinforcing the articular capsule of the hip called. what do they do.
iliofemoral, ischifemoral, pubofemoral. they make it harder to split when standing up then spread out when sitting bc they provide stability.
what ligament has an artery that supplies to the head of the femur and whre does it originate
ligament of head of femur. origin is acetabulum
what type of joint is the knee (movement wise)
mainly hinge, but can provide rotation and lat gliding when flexed
articulations of the knee
tibiofemoral (btwn condyles of femur and tibia) and patellofemoral (between knee)
where is the articular capsule on the knee
the posterior, not anterior
what covers anterior of knee in place of articular capsule
quadriceps femoris muscle tendon, also embedded in patella.
what ligament extends beyond patella to the tibia and where does it attach
patellar ligament, attaches to tibial tuberosity
what 2 things are the knee missing
a joint cavity and a unified articular capsule
2 ligaments that become taught on extension in the knee, where are they and what do they do
on either side of the knee joint and provide stability
fibular collateral ligament-
- reinforces lateral surgace. from femur to fibula. prevents hyperaDduction
tibial collateral ligament-
-reinforces medial surface.l fermur to tibia. prevents hyperabduction
fibrocartilage pads on the condyles of the tibia and their function
medial meniscus and lateral meniscus. stabilize joint medial and laterally, cushing art surfaces, change shape as femur mooves
ligaments deep to the articular capsule of knee. type and subtypes. what do they do
cruciate ligaments: limit anterior and posterior movement of femur on tibia
anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL): posterior femur to anterior tibia. prevents hyperextension
-pulled tight when knee extended
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): anteroinferior femur to posterior tibia. prevents hyperflexion and posterior displacement of tibia.
-taught when on flexion
most common knee injury, what is the other name for it, and what does it tear
lateral impact- tears tibial collateral lig, medial mniscus, and acl
unhapy triad
anthroscopy
conservative treatment that makes small incision in knee and insterts anthroscope to allow surgeons to see area without make unecessary incisions
how to test for acl and pcl injuries
anterior drawer test -acl- tugs anteriorly on tibia, too much motion means tear
posterior drawer test -pcl- pushes posteriorly on tibia, too much movment indicates tear
gouty arthritis
usually mid aged males. (gout). increased uric acid in blood creating urate crystals resulting in joint pain. eventually immobilizes causing articular fusion on bone surfaces.
