Ch 8 Voice Disorders

Question 0

Organic voice disorder

Answer 0

Caused by some physical condition that has impacted the structure and/or function of the larynx.

Question 1

Functional voice disorder

Answer 1

Typically the result of particular behaviors a person is doing or a reaction to some organic disease or traumatic event that has placed the larynx in a less than optimal condition.

Question 2

Neurological voice disorder

Answer 2

A result of an impairment to either the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system.

Question 3

Tumors

Answer 3

Can appear on the vocal folds and can be either benign or malignant.

Question 4

Polyps

Answer 4

A benign tumor often found in the larynx which can protrude from the vocal folds causing an interference with vocal fold contact.

Question 5

Vocal fold nodules

Answer 5

Usually small, sessile, slightly pink or grayish white protrusions located bilaterally, opposite each other, at the junction or the anterior and middle thirds or the entire length of the vocal folds.

Question 6

Papillomata

Answer 6

Exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV). There are two types, one being hard and the other being soft. These lesions arise from the mucous membranes and may be found in the pharynx, in the trachea, and at other sites, including the larynx. They are common benign neoplasms that, when located on the vocal folds, usually cause dysphonia.

Question 7

Carcinoma

Answer 7

A malignant tumor that can grow on one or both vocal folds and affect their vibration much as do polyps or papillomata.

Question 8

Edema

Answer 8

Swelling caused by excessive fluid in the tissue. Can be caused by vocal abuse, localized diseases, and systemic disorders such as allergic reactions and endocrine disturbances.

Question 9

Contact ulcer granuloma

Answer 9

Benign growths that are like a sore on the vocal folds. If inflammation continues, granulation tissue can develop on the ulcer, which can become large enough to prevent complete glottal closure.

Question 10

Laryngeal web

Answer 10

Refers to a membrane extending usually from one vocal fold to the other. It can also occur at the level of the false vocal folds or below the glottis.

Question 11

Cysts

Answer 11

Any closed cavity or sac, normal or abnormal, lined by epithelium, and especially one that contains a liquid or semisolid material. Voice is usually hoarse, breathy, and weak, similar to that heard with a polyp or other protrusion into the glottal space.

Question 12

Voice rehabilitation

Answer 12

1) Listening skills 2) Mental hygiene 3) Physical hygiene 4) Posture and movement 5) Regulation of breathing for voice 6) Relaxation 7) Voice training

Question 13

Voice training

Answer 13

1) Eliminate factors harmful to the voice 2) Find the best sounds 3) Reduce excessively tense phonation 4) Increase phonatory efficiency 5) Modify vocal pitch 6) Increase vocal loudness 7) Alter vocal resonance

Question 14

Artificial larynges

Answer 14

Two types, pneumatic and electronic. Pneumatic instruments use pulmonary air, are hand held, and have an air supply tube, sound source, and sound conducting tube. Electronic instruments are more common because they are generally easier to use and maintain.

Question 15

Esophageal speech

Answer 15

This voice generator is usually located at the junction between the pharynx and esophagus, an area sometimes called the pharyngeoesophageal segment (P-E). The sound is produced when air in the esophagus is forced through the constriction at the P-E segment, causing it to vibrate. It sounds like a belch. The air is released in a sequence of puffs that create sound pressure waves similar to those produced at the vocal folds. The esophageal sound can be produced in speaking if it is prolonged and available when needed.