Ch 7 Stuttering and Other Disorders of Fluency

Question 0

Cluttering

Answer 0

A disorder of both speech and language processing resulting in rapid, disrhythmic, sporadic, unorganized, and frequently unintelligible speech. Accelerated speech is not always present, but an impairment in formulating language almost always is.

Question 1

Stuttering

Answer 1

A disruption in the fluency of verbal expression, characterized by involuntary, audible, or silent repetitions or prolongations in the utterance of short elements. These disruptions usually occur frequently or are marked in character and are not readily controllable.

Question 2

Cerebral dominance theory

Answer 2

This theory states that a child is predisposed to stutter because neither side of the brain is dominant in controlling the motor activities involved in talking.

Question 3

Biochemical theories

Answer 3

The biochemical theory states that stuttering is primarily a convulsive disorder, related to epilepsy, with instances of stuttering being seizures that could be triggered by emotional stress.

Question 4

Physiological theories

Answer 4

The theory that views stuttering as problems with phonation, respiration, and articulation. Problems in terms of phonetic transitions that make it difficult for the person who stutters to start, time, and sustain airflow and voicing in coordination with articulation.

Question 5

Genetic theory

Answer 5

The theory that states that stuttering is passed down in genes, but stuttering itself is not linked to one particular gene, but a number of genes that contribute to the problem.

Question 6

Neuropsycholinguistic theory

Answer 6

This theory addresses the production of fluent speech, stuttered speech, and non stuttered speech disruptions. Specifically, the production of stuttered speech requires two components called the linguistic or symbol system and the paralinguistic or signal system, each said to be processed separately in the brain and then eventually channeled into a common output system. When the two are not in synch with each other, then a breakdown in fluency results.

Question 7

Diagnosogenic-semantogenic theory

Answer 7

This theory pretty much says that at an early age, the child shows signs of disfluency much like many young children do, but the parents make it known to the child that they supposedly stutter, so then the child assumes that the parents know for sure, causing the child to not improve their language.

Question 8

Neurotic theory

Answer 8

According to this theory, stuttering can become a well-integrated, purposeful defense against some threatening idea.

Question 9

Conditioning theory

Answer 9

Consists of two forms of conditioning, classical conditioning, which is when one pictures pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus, and operant conditioning, which says that a behavior can be modified by using consequences that occur directly after the action.

Question 10

Avoidance types for stuttering

Answer 10

1) Postponement 2) Starters 3) Substitution 4) Circumlocation

Question 11

Postponement

Answer 11

A temporal delay used by the person who stutters as he or she attempts to speak.

Question 12

Starters

Answer 12

Can take the form of postponements, but differ some in that they are used to facilitate movement or release from a stuttering block, while postponements are used to try not to stutter.

Question 13

Substitution

Answer 13

This type of stuttering avoidance involves replacing one word with another.

Question 14

Circumlocation

Answer 14

A common stuttering avoidance strategy wherein the person uses additional words and/or rearranges word order in attempts to get around anticipated or actual in-the-moment stuttering.

Question 15

Fluency-shaping therapy

Answer 15

This type of treatment involves decreasing the occurrence of stuttered speech through treatment that focuses on improving short utterances that are free of stuttering, usually on the syllable or one-word level. Slowing speech down and speaking “smoother” also helps this.

Question 16

Stuttering modification theory

Answer 16

This approach teaches a person to stutter in an easier, more controlled manner. Rather than attempting to eliminate stuttering, goals are to confront fears and avoidances, modify disfluencies, and maintain control of speech during instances of stuttering. Changing how one reacts to stuttering. Since fear and avoidance often feed this issue, eliminating the fear and avoidance and facing these fears can often dramatically improve stuttering.

Question 17

Integrative therapy

Answer 17

The use of both fluency-shaping and stuttering modification therapies.

Question 18

Electronic devices

Answer 18

Some of these devices cause wearers to essentially hear their voice echoed back to them at an altered pitch.

Question 19

Parent-directed intervention

Answer 19

When the parents of a stuttering child are taught by a speech-language pathologist or given some kind of plan to work with their child on their stuttering issue.