Ch 2 Development of Communication, Language, and Speech Flashcards
Paralinguistic
This mechanism can change the form and meaning of a sentence by acting across individual sounds or words of a sentence. These mechanisms signal attitude or emotion and include intonation, stress, rate of delivery, and pause or hesitation.
Communication
The process of exchanging information and ideas.
Nonlinguistic mechanisms
These include gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance or proxemics.
Metalinguistic mechanisms
These signal the status of communication based on our intuitions about the acceptability of utterances. In other words, metalinguistic skills enable us to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, separate it from its context, and judge it.
Decoding
When the listener receives the message both auditorily and visually and is processed in the brain.
Referent
The thing that a word or phrase denotes or stands for.
Language
A social tool, defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols.
Symbols
Pictures, words, sounds, motions, etc. used to bring about the use of language.
Dialects
Subcategories of parent languages that use similar, but not identical rules.
Form rules
These include syntax, morphology, and phonology.
Syntax
A rule system governing the ordering of words in sentences
Morpheme
The smallest unit of grammar, a morpheme is indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units.
Free morphemes
These can be used independently. They form words or parts of words, such as dog, big, and happy.
Bound morphemes
Grammatical markers that must be attached to free morphemes. Some examples are ‘s, -er, un-, and -ly.
Morphology
These rules govern structure at the word level. For example, dog can be modified by the addition of s to form dogs.
Phonemes
The smallest meaningful units of speech sound. These are combined in specific ways to form words.
Semantic features
The part of the word meaning that characterize the word. For example, the semantic features of “bachelor” include “unwed” and “male”.
Selection restrictions
These are based on specific features and prohibit certain word combinations as meaningless or redundant. Examples are “bachelor’s wife” which is meaningless, or “unwed bachelor” which is redundant.
Synonyms
Words that are similar in meaning.
Antonyms
Words that are opposite in meaning.
Prosodic patterns
Flow patterns of a language.
Phonotactic organization
Consists of syllable structure and sound combinations.
Neighborhood density
The number of possible words that differ by one phoneme. For example, there are very few words in the neighborhood with “the”, meaning the word’s density is low.
Phonotactic probability
The likelihood of a sound pattern occurring.
Presupposition
The process of estimating the knowledge of the listener and the amount of information needed for comprehension.
Deictic terms
Words or phrases that can be interpreted only from the physical location of the speaker.
Bootstrapping
Using what you know about language to help you comprehend and produce language, as when preschoolers use their earlier knowledge of semantics to interpret and form sentences.
Lexicon
A child’s personal dictionary of words that he/she knows.
Fast mapping
When words are added rapidly in which the child assumes a meaning from context and then produces the word in a similar context.
Contrast strategy
When a child assumes that each word is different from or contrasts with every other in his/her lexicon.
Conventionality strategy
When the child assumes that a certain form will be used repeatedly to convey meaning for words in a child’s lexicon.
Embedding
The placement of a phrase or clause within another clause.
Gerunds
A type of phrase. (I like swimming.)
Clause
Contains both a noun and a verb, called the subject and predicate, respectively.
Conjoining
When two independent clauses are joined by a conjunction.
Reformulation
When the parent or caregiver reformulates what the child is saying into what the adult thinks the child means, thus finding out errors that the child is making.
Turnabout
A comment or reply to the child’s utterance, followed by a question that serves as a cue for the child to take his turn.
Morphophonemic changes
Phonological or sound modifications that result when morphemes are placed together.
Phonological awareness
Knowledge of sounds and syllables and of the sound structure of words.
Phonemic awareness
The ability to manipulate sounds, such as blending sounds to create words or segmenting words into sounds.
Text generation begins with …
Oral narratives
Syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift
When a child, usually school age, begins to organize words in a different way than she has previously.
Figurative Language
When words are used in an imaginative sense, rather than a literal one, to create an imaginative or emotional impression.
Idiom
Short expressions that have evolved through years of use and cannot be analyzed grammatically, such as “hit the roof” or “throw a party”.
Metaphors and Similes
Figures of speech in which a resemblance or comparison is implied or stated explicitly.
Proverbs
Short, popular sayings that embody a generally accepted truth, useful thought, or advice.
Indirect request
When a person, usually an adult, refers only indirectly to what they want.
Speech
A verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning.
Allophones
Members of these families of sounds (phonemes). These differ from one another because of phonemic constraints, such as fatigue.
Vowels
Produced with a relatively unrestricted airflow in the vocal tract.
Consonants
Require a closed or narrowly constricted passage that results in friction and air turbulence.
Voiced Phenomes
produced by phonation.
Voiceless Phenomes
Not produced by phonation.
Dipthongs
A blend of two vowels within the same syllable.
Plosive manner
(/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/)-complete obstruction of the airstream, with quick release accompanied by an audible escape of air; similar to an explosion.
Fricative manner
(/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /h/)-narrow constriction through which the air must pass, creating a hissing noise.
Affricative manner
A combination that begins with a plosive followed by a fricative, as the IPA symbols suggest.
Approximant manner
Produced by the proximity of two articulators without turbulence.
Lateral approximant manner
Produced in a similar manner to an approximant with the addition of the lateral flow of the airstream.
Nasal manner
(/m/, /n/)-produced by incorporating resonance in the nasal cavity.
Bilabial
(/p/, /b/, /m/)-Lips together.
Labiodental
(/f/, /v/)-lower lip touches upper incisors.
Dental
Tongue tip protruding slightly between the lower and upper incisors.
Alveolar
(/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /r/, /n/)-Front of tongue to upper alveolar (gum) ridge.
Postalveolar
Tongue blade gently approximates postalveolar ridge area.
Palatal
(/j/)-tongue blade raised to hard palate.
Velar
(/k/, /g/)-back of tongue raised to soft palate or velum.
Glottal
(/h/)-restriction at glottis or opening to larynx.
Cognates
When two phonemes have the same manner and place of articulation, but differ in voicing.
Coarticulation
The co occurrence of production characteristics of two or more phonemes.
Babbling
Prolonged periods of vocalization and by strings of sounds.
Jargon
Unintelligible gibberish.
Phonetically consistent forms (PCF)
A sound that functions as a word, even though it is not based on adult words.
Substitution rule stopping
when a plosive phoneme is substituted for other sounds.
Substitution rule fronting
A tendency to replace phonemes with other phonemes produced farther forward in the mouth.
Aerodynamics
The actions performed on a stream of air. One way of understanding speech is to view it as an aerodynamic system.
Lung
The main organ of respiration
Trachea
Air travels into and out of the lungs through this organ.
Bronchial tubes
The trachea divides into this to reach the lungs.
Muscles of the rib cage
Muscles that attach to the ribs and cause the rib cage and consequently the chest wall to expand or compress.
Diaphragm
A large, dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Phonology
These rules determine which sounds may appear together, how they will sound together, and where they may appear. For example, the plural s in cats sounds like an s, but on dogs it sounds like a z.
Content rules
This includes semantic and pragmatic rules.
Semantic rules
These govern meaning and the relationships between meaning units.
Pragmatics
A set of rules that govern language use. These rules govern the manner of communication, how to enter and exit a conversation, adoption of roles, sequencing of sentences, and anticipation of listener needs, to name a few functions.
