Ch 2 Development of Communication, Language, and Speech

Question 0

Paralinguistic

Answer 0

This mechanism can change the form and meaning of a sentence by acting across individual sounds or words of a sentence. These mechanisms signal attitude or emotion and include intonation, stress, rate of delivery, and pause or hesitation.

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

The process of exchanging information and ideas.

Question 2

Nonlinguistic mechanisms

Answer 2

These include gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance or proxemics.

Question 3

Metalinguistic mechanisms

Answer 3

These signal the status of communication based on our intuitions about the acceptability of utterances. In other words, metalinguistic skills enable us to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, separate it from its context, and judge it.

Question 4

Decoding

Answer 4

When the listener receives the message both auditorily and visually and is processed in the brain.

Question 5

Referent

Answer 5

The thing that a word or phrase denotes or stands for.

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

A social tool, defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols.

Question 7

Symbols

Answer 7

Pictures, words, sounds, motions, etc. used to bring about the use of language.

Question 8

Dialects

Answer 8

Subcategories of parent languages that use similar, but not identical rules.

Question 9

Form rules

Answer 9

These include syntax, morphology, and phonology.

Question 11

Syntax

Answer 11

A rule system governing the ordering of words in sentences

Question 12

Morpheme

Answer 12

The smallest unit of grammar, a morpheme is indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units.

Question 13

Free morphemes

Answer 13

These can be used independently. They form words or parts of words, such as dog, big, and happy.

Question 14

Bound morphemes

Answer 14

Grammatical markers that must be attached to free morphemes. Some examples are ‘s, -er, un-, and -ly.

Question 15

Morphology

Answer 15

These rules govern structure at the word level. For example, dog can be modified by the addition of s to form dogs.

Question 16

Phonemes

Answer 16

The smallest meaningful units of speech sound. These are combined in specific ways to form words.

Question 20

Semantic features

Answer 20

The part of the word meaning that characterize the word. For example, the semantic features of “bachelor” include “unwed” and “male”.

Question 21

Selection restrictions

Answer 21

These are based on specific features and prohibit certain word combinations as meaningless or redundant. Examples are “bachelor’s wife” which is meaningless, or “unwed bachelor” which is redundant.

Question 22

Synonyms

Answer 22

Words that are similar in meaning.

Question 23

Antonyms

Answer 23

Words that are opposite in meaning.

Question 24

Prosodic patterns

Answer 24

Flow patterns of a language.

Question 25

Phonotactic organization

Answer 25

Consists of syllable structure and sound combinations.

Question 26

Neighborhood density

Answer 26

The number of possible words that differ by one phoneme. For example, there are very few words in the neighborhood with “the”, meaning the word’s density is low.

Question 27

Phonotactic probability

Answer 27

The likelihood of a sound pattern occurring.

Question 28

Presupposition

Answer 28

The process of estimating the knowledge of the listener and the amount of information needed for comprehension.

Question 29

Deictic terms

Answer 29

Words or phrases that can be interpreted only from the physical location of the speaker.

Question 30

Bootstrapping

Answer 30

Using what you know about language to help you comprehend and produce language, as when preschoolers use their earlier knowledge of semantics to interpret and form sentences.

Question 31

Lexicon

Answer 31

A child's personal dictionary of words that he/she knows.

Question 32

Fast mapping

Answer 32

When words are added rapidly in which the child assumes a meaning from context and then produces the word in a similar context.

Question 33

Contrast strategy

Answer 33

When a child assumes that each word is different from or contrasts with every other in his/her lexicon.

Question 34

Conventionality strategy

Answer 34

When the child assumes that a certain form will be used repeatedly to convey meaning for words in a child's lexicon.

Question 35

Embedding

Answer 35

The placement of a phrase or clause within another clause.

Question 36

Gerunds

Answer 36

A type of phrase. (I like swimming.)

Question 37

Clause

Answer 37

Contains both a noun and a verb, called the subject and predicate, respectively.

Question 38

Conjoining

Answer 38

When two independent clauses are joined by a conjunction.

Question 39

Reformulation

Answer 39

When the parent or caregiver reformulates what the child is saying into what the adult thinks the child means, thus finding out errors that the child is making.

Question 40

Turnabout

Answer 40

A comment or reply to the child's utterance, followed by a question that serves as a cue for the child to take his turn.

Question 41

Morphophonemic changes

Answer 41

Phonological or sound modifications that result when morphemes are placed together.

Question 42

Phonological awareness

Answer 42

Knowledge of sounds and syllables and of the sound structure of words.

Question 43

Phonemic awareness

Answer 43

The ability to manipulate sounds, such as blending sounds to create words or segmenting words into sounds.

Question 44

Text generation begins with ...

Answer 44

Oral narratives

Question 45

Syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift

Answer 45

When a child, usually school age, begins to organize words in a different way than she has previously.

Question 46

Figurative Language

Answer 46

When words are used in an imaginative sense, rather than a literal one, to create an imaginative or emotional impression.

Question 47

Idiom

Answer 47

Short expressions that have evolved through years of use and cannot be analyzed grammatically, such as "hit the roof" or "throw a party".

Question 48

Metaphors and Similes

Answer 48

Figures of speech in which a resemblance or comparison is implied or stated explicitly.

Question 49

Proverbs

Answer 49

Short, popular sayings that embody a generally accepted truth, useful thought, or advice.

Question 50

Indirect request

Answer 50

When a person, usually an adult, refers only indirectly to what they want.

Question 51

Speech

Answer 51

A verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning.

Question 52

Allophones

Answer 52

Members of these families of sounds (phonemes). These differ from one another because of phonemic constraints, such as fatigue.

Question 53

Vowels

Answer 53

Produced with a relatively unrestricted airflow in the vocal tract.

Question 54

Consonants

Answer 54

Require a closed or narrowly constricted passage that results in friction and air turbulence.

Question 55

Voiced Phenomes

Answer 55

produced by phonation.

Question 56

Voiceless Phenomes

Answer 56

Not produced by phonation.

Question 57

Dipthongs

Answer 57

A blend of two vowels within the same syllable.

Question 58

Plosive manner

Answer 58

(/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/)-complete obstruction of the airstream, with quick release accompanied by an audible escape of air; similar to an explosion.

Question 59

Fricative manner

Answer 59

(/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /h/)-narrow constriction through which the air must pass, creating a hissing noise.

Question 60

Affricative manner

Answer 60

A combination that begins with a plosive followed by a fricative, as the IPA symbols suggest.

Question 61

Approximant manner

Answer 61

Produced by the proximity of two articulators without turbulence.

Question 62

Lateral approximant manner

Answer 62

Produced in a similar manner to an approximant with the addition of the lateral flow of the airstream.

Question 63

Nasal manner

Answer 63

(/m/, /n/)-produced by incorporating resonance in the nasal cavity.

Question 64

Bilabial

Answer 64

(/p/, /b/, /m/)-Lips together.

Question 65

Labiodental

Answer 65

(/f/, /v/)-lower lip touches upper incisors.

Question 66

Dental

Answer 66

Tongue tip protruding slightly between the lower and upper incisors.

Question 67

Alveolar

Answer 67

(/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /r/, /n/)-Front of tongue to upper alveolar (gum) ridge.

Question 68

Postalveolar

Answer 68

Tongue blade gently approximates postalveolar ridge area.

Question 69

Palatal

Answer 69

(/j/)-tongue blade raised to hard palate.

Question 70

Velar

Answer 70

(/k/, /g/)-back of tongue raised to soft palate or velum.

Question 71

Glottal

Answer 71

(/h/)-restriction at glottis or opening to larynx.

Question 72

Cognates

Answer 72

When two phonemes have the same manner and place of articulation, but differ in voicing.

Question 73

Coarticulation

Answer 73

The co occurrence of production characteristics of two or more phonemes.

Question 74

Babbling

Answer 74

Prolonged periods of vocalization and by strings of sounds.

Question 75

Jargon

Answer 75

Unintelligible gibberish.

Question 76

Phonetically consistent forms (PCF)

Answer 76

A sound that functions as a word, even though it is not based on adult words.

Question 77

Substitution rule stopping

Answer 77

when a plosive phoneme is substituted for other sounds.

Question 78

Substitution rule fronting

Answer 78

A tendency to replace phonemes with other phonemes produced farther forward in the mouth.

Question 79

Aerodynamics

Answer 79

The actions performed on a stream of air. One way of understanding speech is to view it as an aerodynamic system.

Question 80

Lung

Answer 80

The main organ of respiration

Question 81

Trachea

Answer 81

Air travels into and out of the lungs through this organ.

Question 82

Bronchial tubes

Answer 82

The trachea divides into this to reach the lungs.

Question 83

Muscles of the rib cage

Answer 83

Muscles that attach to the ribs and cause the rib cage and consequently the chest wall to expand or compress.

Question 84

Diaphragm

Answer 84

A large, dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Question 85

Phonology

Answer 85

These rules determine which sounds may appear together, how they will sound together, and where they may appear. For example, the plural s in cats sounds like an s, but on dogs it sounds like a z.

Question 86

Content rules

Answer 86

This includes semantic and pragmatic rules.

Question 88

Semantic rules

Answer 88

These govern meaning and the relationships between meaning units.

Question 89

Pragmatics

Answer 89

A set of rules that govern language use. These rules govern the manner of communication, how to enter and exit a conversation, adoption of roles, sequencing of sentences, and anticipation of listener needs, to name a few functions.