Ch 6 Articulatory and Phonological Disorders Flashcards
Phonology
This includes broader aspects of speech production and speech perception along wit cognitive-linguistic aspects of the speech sound system.
Articulation
The development and disorders of the speech sound system.
Phonological disorder
A significant deficit in speech production, in speech perception, or in the organization of phonology in comparison to a child’s peers.
Intelligibility
An important functional measure because the goal of speech is communication.
Organic disorders
Attributable to physical conditions such as the inappropriate passage of air through the nose when producing sounds such as /b/ or /s/ in children with a cleft palate of velopharyngeal insufficiency or the omission of consonants at the ends of words because of a hearing loss that precludes hearing these sounds.
Functional disorders
Involve a pattern of speech errors in the absence of any observable physical abnormality.
Phonological levels
This includes the cognitive-linguistic components of the speech sound system. One level includes specific representations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases either in the form of some acoustic information, based on perception, or in the form of motor plans for speech production.
Phonetic levels
A sub-level of the phonological level.
Diadochokinesis
Rapid alternating movements for certain speech sound sequences.
Tongue thrust
Bringing the tongue against the hard palate and pushing the food or liquid forward, instead of propelling food or liquid toward the back of the mouth. This is how infants and young children swallow.
Developmental apraxia of speech (DAS)
As with adults diagnosed with apraxia, the assumed underlying difficulty involves the sequencing of motor movements to produce speech sounds or syllables. Children identified as having this disorder, however, have not lost any ability due to neurological damage; the disorder is developmental.
Cochlear implants
Surgically implanted devices designed to provide electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve through the cochlea.
Otitis media (OM)
An infection of the middle ear that is often accompanied by fluid, resulting in a conductive hearing loss.
Down syndrome
A complex interaction of motor deficits that affect speech production, perceptual limitations attributable to a very high incidence of chronic OM with effusion along with transient hearing loss, and phonological acquisition that reflects their developmental delay.
New information
Changing aspects of a situation or things that are not known to the listener.
Old information
Static aspects of a situation or things that are known to the listener.
Metaphonological abilities (Phonological awareness)
A subset of metalinguistic abilities. In phonology this includes tasks that require children to provide rhymes, to identify beginning and ending sounds of words, to break words into syllables, and to pronounce words without beginning or ending sounds.
Dyslexia
Phonologically related reading disabilities that are language based disorders. Children with dyslexia have great difficulty with metaphonological tasks.
Screening
Used to determine whether there is reason to suspect a disorder.
Identification
Involves the use of norm-referenced test and other measures to determine whether or not a child who failed a screening actually has a phonological disorder.
False positive
When a child fails a screening, but does not have a phonological disorder.
False negative
When a child passes a screening test, but actually does have a phonological disorder.
Omissions
When a sound is left out of a word.
Substitutions
When one sound is substituted for another.
Additions
When a sound is added to a word.
Distortions
When a sound(s) is produced incorrectly in a word.
Baseline
An initial measurement of a patient’s speech skills that is taken before intervention begins.
Central auditory processing disorders (CAPD’s)
Disorders that may be more accurately considered impairments in the auditory perception and processing of phonetic, phonological, or linguistic information.
Tympanometry
A form of screening that tests middle-ear function.
Stimulability testing
To determine how readily one can produce an acceptable version of a target, such as troublesome sounds.
Age-referenced norms
When someone falls some amount of time off of where they should be phonologically for their age. An example is when someone has a 6-month deficit at age 7.
Successive approximations
Sometimes used to achieve correct production gradually.
Articulation approaches
Focus on motor production, employing imitation, shaping, or successive approximations, and reinforcement for desired responses.
Perceptual training
Includes (1) identification [labeling the target sound], (2) isolation [identifying the presence and location of a sound], (3) stimulation [receiving intensive exposure to a target sound], and (4) discrimination [discriminating a target sound from an error].
Multiple phonemic approach
(1) Establishment {focuses on the elicitation of steps}, (2) Transfer {When the child moves from establishment to production in conversational speech}, and (3) Maintenance {Addresses production in conversational speech within and outside the clinic}.
Criteria
An important facet of measuring movement across stages of intervention and of dismissal.
Target goals
The focus of intervention.
Control goals
Not likely to be affected by the intervention.
Generalization goals
Will not receive direct intervention, but should benefit indirectly.
Diagnosis
Involves specifying the nature of the disorder, its severity, the prognosis, and the recommended course of treatment.
