Ch 8 Vocabulary Flashcards
ungendered
Lacking any recognition or acknowledgement of gender
masculinity
Socially constructed roles, behaviors, attitudes, and attributes that a given culture associates with men
femininity
Socially constructed roles, behaviors, attitudes, and attributes that a given culture associated with women
World Bank
One of the international financial institutions created at Bretton Woods that sets global economic policy. It was designed to help countries with long-term development goals
absolute poverty
Poverty as defined in the same terms across cultures and countries (cf. relative poverty)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
One of the Bretton Woods international financial institutions that sets global economic policy. It was designed to help countries with short-term development goals
structural adjustment programs (SAPs)
World Bank and IMF programs that imposed neoliberal economic policies on countries seeking to borrow from these organizations or seeking to restructure their existing debt
neoliberalism
A rejection of Keynesian economic theory, which posited that the state must play an active role in a capitalist economy in order to level out the inevitable boom and bust cycles. Neoliberals argue that deregulation and privatization of state-owned enterprises and limited government involvement in the economy are the best wats for countries’ economies to grow and individual freedoms to flourish
survival sex
Engaging in sex in order to survive a threat or to secure money for food or shelter
International Labour Organizaion (ILO)
Founded in 1919, this specialized UN agency works to promote decent working conditions across the globe
colonialism
One territorial sovereign exerting control and sovereignty over another land by usurping control from local leaders, thereby destroying indigenous culture, economies, and political structures
economic liberalism
Attributed to Adam Smith, this economic system has a very limited scope of government involvement on economic matters
Marxists
Followers of the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who believe that capitalism exploits workers, that class struggle creates historical change, and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by a classless society
developing countries
Usually refers to low-income countries with little industrialization compared to developed nations. These countries are also sometimes referred to as the “Third World,” the “Global South,” and the “less developed countries.”
feminist scholars
Scholars who explore the nature of gendered politics, power relations, and sexuality by examining existing societal constructs
international financial institutions
Financial institutions that are established in more than one state. The most notable are those established in Bretton Woods after World War II - the World Bank and the IMF
Platform for Action
An agenda for women’s empowerment that emerged from the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995
Millennium Declaration
United Nations declaration signed in September 2000 consisting of eight goals and 21 targets that 192 UN member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. The 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are:
- eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
- achieving universal primary education
- promoting gender equality and empowering women
- reducing child mortality
- improving maternal health
- combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- ensuring environmental sustainability
- developing a global partnership for development
microcredit
The extension of small loans to poor people who are typically ineligible for traditional lines or credit, facilitating their pursuit of income generating self-employment projects with the potential to help them escape from poverty
developed countries
Countries with high levels of economic development, protection of political rights, and high scores on the UN human development index. Developed countries typically have either industrial or post-industrial-based economies
informal employment
Economic activity that takes place outside the formal, measurable market of an economy
migrants
People who have left their homes in order to settle in another country or city
remit/remittances
money sent home by workers employed in another country
human security
Rather than viewing from a state-centered approach, human security is a people-, or person-, centered understanding of security that takes into account the multitude of variables that impinge upon a person’s or community’s ability to be safe and/or secure
