Ch 8 Vocabulary

Question 1

ungendered

Answer 1

Lacking any recognition or acknowledgement of gender

Question 2

masculinity

Answer 2

Socially constructed roles, behaviors, attitudes, and attributes that a given culture associates with men

Question 3

femininity

Answer 3

Socially constructed roles, behaviors, attitudes, and attributes that a given culture associated with women

Question 4

World Bank

Answer 4

One of the international financial institutions created at Bretton Woods that sets global economic policy. It was designed to help countries with long-term development goals

Question 5

absolute poverty

Answer 5

Poverty as defined in the same terms across cultures and countries (cf. relative poverty)

Question 6

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Answer 6

One of the Bretton Woods international financial institutions that sets global economic policy. It was designed to help countries with short-term development goals

Question 7

structural adjustment programs (SAPs)

Answer 7

World Bank and IMF programs that imposed neoliberal economic policies on countries seeking to borrow from these organizations or seeking to restructure their existing debt

Question 8

neoliberalism

Answer 8

A rejection of Keynesian economic theory, which posited that the state must play an active role in a capitalist economy in order to level out the inevitable boom and bust cycles. Neoliberals argue that deregulation and privatization of state-owned enterprises and limited government involvement in the economy are the best wats for countries’ economies to grow and individual freedoms to flourish

Question 9

survival sex

Answer 9

Engaging in sex in order to survive a threat or to secure money for food or shelter

Question 10

International Labour Organizaion (ILO)

Answer 10

Founded in 1919, this specialized UN agency works to promote decent working conditions across the globe

Question 11

colonialism

Answer 11

One territorial sovereign exerting control and sovereignty over another land by usurping control from local leaders, thereby destroying indigenous culture, economies, and political structures

Question 12

economic liberalism

Answer 12

Attributed to Adam Smith, this economic system has a very limited scope of government involvement on economic matters

Question 13

Marxists

Answer 13

Followers of the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who believe that capitalism exploits workers, that class struggle creates historical change, and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by a classless society

Question 14

developing countries

Answer 14

Usually refers to low-income countries with little industrialization compared to developed nations. These countries are also sometimes referred to as the “Third World,” the “Global South,” and the “less developed countries.”

Question 15

feminist scholars

Answer 15

Scholars who explore the nature of gendered politics, power relations, and sexuality by examining existing societal constructs

Question 16

international financial institutions

Answer 16

Financial institutions that are established in more than one state. The most notable are those established in Bretton Woods after World War II - the World Bank and the IMF

Question 17

Platform for Action

Answer 17

An agenda for women’s empowerment that emerged from the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995

Question 18

Millennium Declaration

Answer 18

United Nations declaration signed in September 2000 consisting of eight goals and 21 targets that 192 UN member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. The 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are:

1. eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
2. achieving universal primary education
3. promoting gender equality and empowering women
4. reducing child mortality
5. improving maternal health
6. combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. ensuring environmental sustainability
8. developing a global partnership for development

Question 19

microcredit

Answer 19

The extension of small loans to poor people who are typically ineligible for traditional lines or credit, facilitating their pursuit of income generating self-employment projects with the potential to help them escape from poverty

Question 20

developed countries

Answer 20

Countries with high levels of economic development, protection of political rights, and high scores on the UN human development index. Developed countries typically have either industrial or post-industrial-based economies

Question 21

informal employment

Answer 21

Economic activity that takes place outside the formal, measurable market of an economy

Question 22

migrants

Answer 22

People who have left their homes in order to settle in another country or city

Question 23

remit/remittances

Answer 23

money sent home by workers employed in another country

Question 24

human security

Answer 24

Rather than viewing from a state-centered approach, human security is a people-, or person-, centered understanding of security that takes into account the multitude of variables that impinge upon a person’s or community’s ability to be safe and/or secure

Question 25

Médecins Sans Frontières

Answer 25

An NGO that delivers medical and humanitarian assistance to underserved areas of the world

Question 26

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Answer 26

US government agency that conducts research and disseminates information on health and safety issues

Question 27

gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 27

A measure of a country’s total output and national income in a year

Question 28

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Answer 28

The UNWTO promotes sustainable and responsible global tourism

Question 29

Crime Statute of the International Criminal Court

Answer 29

Establishes the International Criminal Court (ICC) and outlines the structure, types of crimes which can come before the court, and the rules under which the court will operate

Question 30

crimes against humanity

Answer 30

Widespread, systematic, gross violations of human rights by governments, their agents, or other ruling authorities

Question 31

refugees

Answer 31

People who have fled teir home from persecution, crossed an international border, and cannot avail themselves of the protection of the home government

Question 32

Taliban

Answer 32

The ruling party/group in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. Their Sunni Islamis fundamentalist interpretation of the Koran resulted in a repressive state that violated its citizens’ human rights, and particularly those of women. Resurgent again in 2004, but operating out of Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan

Question 33

asylum

Answer 33

Protection granted to individuals who have fled their home country typically due to political reasons. The protection is usually granted by a foreign sovereign authority

Question 34

World Health Organization (WHO)

Answer 34

The UN agency that monitors health-related issues around the world