Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
State
Refers to a sovereign, internationally recognized, geographically defined territory with a population and a government
Nation
Refers to a shared cultural or ethnic identity rather than to a legally recognized geographical territory
Nation-state
A type of state that provides sovereign territory for a particular culture or ethnic group. However, it is also frequently used interchangeably with the terms “state” and “country.”
Secular
Not religious
Bubonic plague/Black Death
A pandemic caused by a bacterium that swept through Central Asia and Europe around the 1340s, killing millions
temporal affairs
refers to secular, rather than sacred, matters
indulgence
in the catholic faith, after a sinner has confessed and received absolution, the guilt of sin is removed but temporal punishment is still required by Divine Justice, either in this life or in Purgatory. An indulgence removes the temporal punishment that the penitent had incurred in the sight of God
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther’s attempt to reform the Catholic Church that led to a schism within the church and the development of the Protestant sect.
Thirty Years War
Beginning as a religious conflict, it spread across Europe and devasted the continen, lasting from 1618 to 1648
Peace of Westphalia
Common term for two treaties signed in 1648 to end Europe’s Thirty Years War
Westphalian System
the current political structure of the sovereignty of the nation-state
sovereign/sovereignty
the principle that emerged from the Peace of Westphalia (1648) which suggests that a political entity has the sole authority to make decisions about policy, procedure, and institutions within a given geographical territory
colonialism
one territorial sovereign exerting control and sovereignty over another land by usurping control from local leaders, thereb destroying indigenous culture, economies, and political structures
ecomienda system
a forced labor system introduced by the Spanish during the conquest of the Americas that effectively transferred indigenous land to the Conquistadors and made the local populations landless slaves
Cold War
refers to the ideological stand-off between two superpowers, the United States and the Sovient Union, from 1945 to 1989. While not directly fighting one another, each side sought to expand its influence by keeping the other from spreading its form of government and political system, resulting in many proxy wars throughout the world.
migration
human movement from one location to another
ethno-nationalism
characterized by an extreme attachment to ethnicity, a belief that only ancestry gives one the right to belong to a particular group, and a desire to establish independent nation-states based solely on ethnicity
migrants
people who have left their homes in order to settle in another country or city
internation government organization (igo)
international organizations that nation-states join for specific purposes, such as promoting peace, enhancing trade, and encouraging cooperation
non-governmental organizations (ngos)
a legally constructed organization made up of individuals. These have a limited, if any, role for nation-states
multinational corporations (mncs)
a corporation or enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country
apartheid
a system of racial segregation in South Africa. From 1948 to 1994, citizens were divided into the following groups: blacks, coloureds, whites, and indians. This distinction determined access to all services and accommodations. All groups except whites were denied their civil and political rights. Whites who questioned the system also had their rights violated
mercenary
a private citizen who is paid by a political entity to provide armed support
sanctions
typically refers to economic restrictions, or embargos, placed on a nation-state
