Ch 1 Vocabulary

Question 1

Disciplines

Answer 1

Most often used to refer to the division of fields of knowledge at the university or college level

Question 2

Multidisciplinary

Answer 2

Drawing upon different disciplinary perspectives without necessarily exploring the connections or blurring the boundaries among them

Question 3

Interdisciplinary

Answer 3

Integrating the theories, methodologies, and insights of various disciplines and exploring the connections and blurring the boundaries among them

Question 4

Global Citizens

Answer 4

People who see their local actions as having global consequences and who have accepted that they have a responsibility to work to better the conditions of the world and its people

Question 5

Globalization

Answer 5

A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and connections

Question 6

Westernization

Answer 6

Process whereby non-Western countries and societies adopt social, legal, dietetic, religious, technological, linguistic, political, and economic ideals and norms of countries in the Western world – Western Europe and the US

Question 7

Social

Answer 7

Refers to the way humans interact and organize

Question 8

Deterritorialization

Answer 8

Geographical territory, or place, becomes less of a constraint on social interation

Question 9

Moore’s Law

Answer 9

Observation made by Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Intel, that the number of transistors that can be placed on a circuit will double approximately every two years. It is used more generally to refer to the rapid pace of technological change in the late 20th century

Question 10

Colonialism

Answer 10

One territorial sovereign exerting control and sovereignty over another land by usurping control from local leaders, thereby destroying indigenous culture, economies, and political structures

Question 11

Nation-state system

Answer 11

Refers to the division of the world into sovereign territories over which local rulers maintain the power to govern. Also known as the Westphalian model

Question 12

Mass Media

Answer 12

Media that is designed to reach a mass audience, such as the population of a nation-state. The term has traditionally referred to nationwide television and radio networks and mass-circulation newspaper and magazines

Question 13

Cold War

Answer 13

Refers to the ideological stand-off between two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, from 1945 to 1989. While not directly fighting one another, each side sought to expand its influence by keeping the other from speading its form of government and political system, resulting in many proxy war throughout the world.

Question 14

Free Trade

Answer 14

The promotion of trade in goods and services by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers

Question 15

Bretton Woods Conference

Answer 15

An attempt to establish common rules for financial and commercial global transactions. By regulating the international monetary system, the industrial powers that met in 1944 in Bretton Woods sought to prevent the economic policies that led to the global depression of the 1920s–30s

Question 16

Tariffs

Answer 16

Taxes placed on imported goods

Question 17

Laissez-faire

Answer 17

An economic philosophy that suggests economies work best with limited government involvement

Question 18

Balance-of-payment

Answer 18

Refers to the total exports and imports of a given country in a given time period

Question 19

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Answer 19

An international organization designed to promote free and uniform trade and banking and finance rules and regulations

Question 20

Gold Standard

Answer 20

A monetary system that issues currency that is backed up by gold whereby the holder of the currency can redeem that note for an equivalent amount of gold

Question 21

Neoliberalism

Answer 21

A rejection of Keynesian economic theory, which posited that the state must play an active role in a capitalist economy in order to level out the inevitable boom and bust cycles, Neoliberals argue that deregulation and privatization of state-owned enterprises and limited government involvement in the economy as the best ways for countries’ economies to grow and individual freedoms to flourish

Question 22

NAFTA

Answer 22

A free trade agreement between the US, Canada, and Mexico that sought to encourage trade between the three countries

Question 23

GATT

Answer 23

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was a treaty whose functions were taken over by the WTO

Question 24

Nation

Answer 24

Refers to a shared cultural or ethnic identity rather than to a legally recognized geographic territory

Question 25

State

Answer 25

Refers to the actual governing apparatus of a geographically defined territory called a country

Question 26

Sovereign/Sovereignty

Answer 26

The principle that emerged from the Peace of Westphalia (1648) which suggests that a political entity has the sole authority to make decisions about policy, procedure, and institutions within a given geographical territory

Question 27

Multiculturalism

Answer 27

Belief that different cultures can coexist peacefully within a given territory

Question 28

Supranational

Answer 28

A supranational organization is one that has been given the authority by its member nations to make decisions that take precedence over individual member nations’ policies. The supranational organization relies on nations to carry out its decisions because it usually lacks any enforcement powers of its own

Question 29

Culture

Answer 29

Refers to the beliefs, values, norms, ideals, symbols, and lifestyles of a specified entity

Question 30

Enculturation

Answer 30

Process through which one becomes a member of a culture demonstrating an understanding of its rules, norms, and expectations

Question 31

Socialization

Answer 31

The process through which one learns the accepted rules of behavior for a culture or society

Question 32

Homogeneity

Answer 32

Sameness, or lacking difference

Question 33

Cultural imperialism

Answer 33

A form of domination that involves privileging one culture (usually that of large, powerful nation) over less powerful ones or imposing/injecting the cultural practices of a dominant culture into other cultures, often culminating in the adoption of the cultural practices of the imperial power

Question 34

Autarky

Answer 34

Complete economic independence

Question 35

Social contract

Answer 35

A political philosophy that suggests rulers and those they rule over have a contract whereby the ruled allow the rulers to reign as long as they act in the interests of the ruled. When a ruler no longer is seen to do so, the ruled reserve the right to replace the ruler

Question 36

Subjects

Answer 36

Historically, a term used in monarchical societies to refer to those whose lives were controlled by the king or queen. Modern usage refers to citizens of a monarchical society

Question 37

Republican model of citizenship

Answer 37

A model of rule that places the individual at the center suggesting he or she is capable of being ruled and of ruling. This view of citizenship focuses on the person as a political agent

Question 38

Liberal Model of Citizenship

Answer 38

Sees citizenship as a legal status, while stressing political liberty and freedom from interference by other citizens and political authority

Question 39

Civil rights

Answer 39

Rights that individuals possess by virtue of their citizenship – for example, the right to free speech

Question 40

Stoicism

Answer 40

A philosophy, prevalent in ancient Greece and Rome, that maintains that freedom and universal understanding can be obtained by self-control and freeing oneself from mundane desires

Question 41

Cosmopolitanism

Answer 41

Belief that all humans are connected and belong to one humanity