Ch 8 Vocab

Question 0

An individuals biological inheritance, especially his or her genes

Answer 0

Nature

Question 1

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

An individuals environmental and social experiences

Answer 2

Nurture

Question 3

A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at

Answer 3

Preferential looking

Question 4

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

Answer 4

Habituation

Question 5

An individuals incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

Answer 5

Assimilation

Question 6

Piaget, The famous Swiss developmental psychologist, changed the way we think about the development of children’s minds

Answer 6

Jean Piaget

Question 7

An individuals adjustment of his or her schemas to new information

Answer 7

Accommodation

Question 8

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth till about two years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions

Answer 8

Sensorimotor stage

Question 9

Piaget’s Second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

Answer 9

Preoperational stage

Question 10

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations

Answer 10

Concrete operational stage

Question 11

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at age 11 to 15 and continues through the adulthood; it some features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypothesis about the future.

Answer 11

Formal operational stage

Question 12

An individual behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Answer 12

Temperament

Question 13

The close emotional bond between an infant and it’s caregiver

Answer 13

Infant attachment

Question 14

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment

Answer 14

Secure attachment

Question 15

Generated one of the most important developmental theories of the 20th century

Answer 15

Erick Erickson (1902-1994)

Question 16

1- trust versus mistrust 2- autonomy versus shame and doubt 3- initiative versus guilt 4- industry versus inferiority 5- identity versus identity confusion 6- intimacy versus isolation 7- generativity versus stagnation 8-integrity versus despair

Answer 16

Ericksons 8 childhood stages

Question 17

A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parents directions and to value hard work and effort

Answer 17

Authoritarian parenting

Question 18

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior

Answer 18

Authoritative parenting

Question 19

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life

Answer 19

Neglectful parenting

Question 20

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behavior

Answer 20

Permissive parenting

Question 21

Kohl berg created a proactive theory of moral development. In his view, “moral development consists of a sequence of qualitative changes in the way and individual thinks.”

Answer 21

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)

Question 22

Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s approach does not give adequate attention to relationships. In Gilligans view, “many girls seem to fear, most of all, being alone-without friends, family and relationships.”

Answer 22

Carol Gilligan (B. 1936)

Question 23

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people

Answer 23

Prosocial behavior

Question 24

The main class of male sex hormones

Answer 24

Androgens

Question 25

Roles that reflect the individuals expectations for help females and males should think, act, and feel

Answer 25

Gender roles

Question 26

A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

Answer 26

Resilience

Question 27

A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence

Answer 27

Puberty

Question 28

Ericksons fifth psychological stage, in which adolescents face the challenge of finding out who they are, what they are about, and where they’re going in life

Answer 28

Identity versus identity confusion

Question 29

The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age

Answer 29

Emerging adulthood

Question 30

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life

Answer 30

Wisdom