Ch 5 Vocab

Question 0

A theory of learning that focuses solely on observational behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping

Answer 0

Behaviorism

Question 1

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior

Answer 2

Observational learning

Question 3

Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Answer 5

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 6

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 7

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 8

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing

Answer 8

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 9

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Answer 9

Generalization (classical conditioning)

Question 10

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

Answer 10

Acquisition (classical conditiong)

Question 11

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

Answer 11

Discrimination (classical conditioning)

Question 12

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

Answer 12

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Question 13

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning

Answer 13

Spontaneous recovery

Question 14

The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in the novel context

Answer 14

Renewal

Question 15

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and it’s conditioned response

Answer 15

Counterconditioning

Question 16

A method of therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing situations

Answer 16

Systematic desensitization

Question 17

A form of treatment that consist of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

Answer 17

Aversive conditioning

Question 18

Thorndikes long stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that the behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weekend

Answer 18

Law of effect

Question 19

A form of associative learning in which of in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence also called instrumental conditioning

Answer 19

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Question 20

The process by which a rewarding stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

Answer 21

Shaping

Question 22

The Skinner box

Answer 22

BF Skinner conducting an operant conditioning study in his behavior laboratory the rent being studied is in a skinner box

Question 23

The presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement

Question 24

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

Answer 24

Negative reinforcement

Question 25

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organisms part to make it’s pleasurable.

Answer 25

Primary reinforcer

Question 26

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience; a second enforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer

Answer 26

Secondary reinforcer

Question 27

The application of operant conditiong principles to change human behavior.

Answer 27

Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)

Question 28

The tendency to respond to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

Answer 28

discrimination (operant conditioning)

Question 29

The situation where, because a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, there is a decreased tendency to perform the behavior

Answer 29

extinction (operant conditioning)

Question 30

The tendency to give the same response to similar stimuli

Answer 30

generalization (operant conditioning)

Question 31

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem’s solution

Answer 31

insight learning

Question 32

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

Answer 32

instinctive drift

Question 33

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

Answer 33

latent learning (implicit learning)

Question 34

The penomenon of learning throught experience that outcomes are not controllable

Answer 34

learned helplessness

Question 35

A behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it

Answer 35

negative punishment

Question 36

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others

Answer 36

preparedness

Question 37

A consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur

Answer 37

punishment

Question 38

Timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Answer 38

schedules of reinforcement