Ch. 8 The Adrenal Glands

Question 1

The paired adrenal glands are controlled by hormones produced by the ___ and subsequently the ___.

Answer 1

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland

Question 2

The paired adrenal glands are considered…

Answer 2

Retroperitoneal endocrine glands

Question 3

The hypothalamus controls the release of ______________ ________ by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 3

Adeenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Question 4

The hypothalamus controls the release of ___ by the anterior pituitary gland which in turn controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands.

Answer 4

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 5

The cortex is the outer part of the gland composed of three zones called

Answer 5

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculta, zona reticularis

Question 6

Each adrenal gland is composed of

Answer 6

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Question 7

The ______ is the outer part of the adrenal gland

Answer 7

adrenal cortex

Question 8

inner part of adrenal gland

Answer 8

medulla

Question 9

The adrenal cortex produces what

Answer 9

steriod hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens- sex hormones)

Question 10

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) are responsible for regulating

Answer 10

blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium & water in the body

Question 11

Androgen hormones play a part in development of male secondary sex characteristics, estrogen, cortisol which controls

Answer 11

the body’s use of fat, carbohydrates, proteins

Question 12

The inner part of the adrenal gland (medulla) produces

Answer 12

epinephrine & nor-epinephrine (both responsible for fight or flight)

Question 13

Primary hormone produced by the medulla also referred to as adrenaline

Answer 13

epinephrine

Question 14

The adrenal glands may also be referred to as the

Answer 14

suprarenal glands

Question 15

Adrenal glands receive blood supply from (3)

Answer 15

suprarenal branches of inferior phrenic arteries, aorta, renal arteries

Question 16

Adrenal gland venous drainage is performed by

Answer 16

suprarenal vein

Question 17

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the ___ and the left suprarenal vein drains into the ___.

Answer 17

IVC, left renal vein

Question 18

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, minimal impact on the development of male characteristics, supplementary & precursor hormone that contributes to testosterone production by the testicles

Answer 18

androgen

Question 19

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water are in the body

Answer 19

aldosterone

Question 20

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that plays an important role in glucose metabolism, blood pressure regulation, immune function, inflammatory response

Answer 20

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Question 21

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, minimal impact on the development of female characteristics, supplementary and precursor hormones that contribute to estrogen production by the ovaries

Answer 21

estrogen

Question 22

Adrenal gland often seen in a pediatric patient as hypoechoic anterior, medial, and superior to what part of the kidney

Answer 22

upper pole

Question 23

a tendinous structure that extends from the diaphragm to the vertebral column; there are two crura (plural for crus), a right crus and a left crus

Answer 23

crus of the diaphragm

Question 24

glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream

Answer 24

endocrine glands

Question 25

accelerates heart rate, increasing blood pressure, opens airways in the lungs, narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestine to increase blood flow to major muscle groups

Answer 25

adrenaline (epinephrine)

Question 26

accelerates heart rate, increases blood pressure, contracts blood vessels

Answer 26

norepinephrine

Question 27

This condition may be also referred as primary adrenocortical insufficiency or chronic primary hypoadrenalism

Answer 27

Addison's disease

Question 28

An endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

Answer 28

Addison disease

Question 29

With ___________ disease, the cortex inadequately secretes corticosteroids resulting from partial or complete destruction of the adrenal glands

Answer 29

Addison's disease

Question 30

Clinical findings of ______: 1. Hypotension and cardiac insufficiency 2.Muscle Weakness and fatigue 3. Loss of appetite or weight loss 4. Bronzing of the skin (hyperpigmentation) 5. Elevated liver enzymes 6. Hyperkalemia (High levels of potassium) 7. Hyponatremia (low levels of sodium) 8. Increased adrenocorticotrophic hormone 9. Personality changes or confusion

Answer 30

Addison's Disease

Question 31

Sonographic findings of ______: 1. Enlarged appearance of the adrenal glands in the acute stages of the disease 2. Atrophic or calcified gland in the chronic stage (may be difficult to identify sonographically)

Answer 31

Addison's Disease

Question 32

A syndrome that results from an anterior pituitary gland or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands

Answer 32

Cushing syndrome

Question 33

The results of a overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex and is associated with a moon shaped face, buffalo hump and hypertension (can be caused by functioning tumor in cortex- most likely adrenal adenoma)

Answer 33

Cushing's syndrome (hypercortilosm)

Question 34

Clinical findings of ______: 1. obesity 2. thinning arms and legs 3. hypertension 4. hirsutism 5. hyperglycemia 6. severe fatigue 7. poor wound healing 8. buffalo hump 9. moon-shaped face 10. red or purple striae over the abdomen and thighs

Answer 34

Cushing Syndrome

Question 35

stretch marks

Answer 35

striae

Question 36

excessive amount of fat on the back between the shoulders

Answer 36

buffalo hump

Question 37

Sonographic findings of _______: 1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)

Answer 37

Cushing Syndrome

Question 38

This syndrome results from high levels of aldosterone secretion of the adrenal cortex

Answer 38

Conn syndrome

Question 39

A syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excessive amounts of aldosterone, also called primary hyperaldosteronism (can be caused by functioning tumor in cortex- most likely adrenal adenoma)

Answer 39

Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)

Question 40

Clinical findings of ______ 1. hypertension 2. excessive thirst 3. excessive urination 4. high levels of sodium in blood (hypernatremia) 5. low levels of potassium in blood (hypokalemia) 6. muscle cramps and weakness

Answer 40

Conn Syndrome

Question 41

Sonographic findings of ______ 1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)

Answer 41

Conn syndrome

Question 42

The most common benign solid mass of the adrenal gland

Answer 42

adrenal adenoma

Question 43

___________ _______ can be found in patients suffering from Cushing syndrome or Conn syndrome.

Answer 43

Adrenal adenomas

Question 44

Clinical findings of _______ 1. Signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome 2. Signs and symptoms of Conn syndrome 3. May be asymptomatic

Answer 44

Adrenal Adenomas

Question 45

Sonographic findings of _______ 1. Solid, hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland

Answer 45

Adrenal Adenomas

Question 46

a hyperfunctioning, benign adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream leading to uncontrollable hypertension

Answer 46

Pheochromocytoma

Question 47

The pheochromocytoma in the adrenal gland is associated with

Answer 47

uncontrollable hypertension

Question 48

Clinical findings of _______ 1. Uncontrollable hypertension 2. Headaches 3. Tachycardia (abnormally rapid heart rate) 4. Tremors 5. Anxiety 6. Excessive sweating

Answer 48

Pheochromocytomas

Question 49

Sonographic findings if _________ 1. Large, hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland 2. Can have various sonographic appearances including hypoechoic or diffusely heterogeneous

Answer 49

Pheochromocytomas

Question 50

These cysts may be notes in the area of the adrenal glands and can often be difficult to separate from the liver, spleen, or upper pole of the kidneys

Answer 50

Adrenal cysts

Question 51

A benign simple cysts located within the adrenal glands

Answer 51

adrenal cyst (asymptomatic)

Question 52

A adrenal cyst with a rim of calcification is worrisome for

Answer 52

malignancy

Question 53

Clinical findings of ______ 1. Asymptomatic 2. Large, infected, hemorrhagic cysts can cause pain

Answer 53

Adrenal Cysts

Question 54

Sonographic findings of _______ 1. anechoic 2. thin walled 3. acoustic enhancement

Answer 54

Adrenal Cysts

Question 55

In the male, adrenal rest tumors may be found in the ________.

Answer 55

Testicles

Question 56

Accessory adrenal gland tissue found within the testes, epi, ovaries, and inguinal canal are called

Answer 56

adrenal rests

Question 57

Adrenal rests are associated with

Answer 57

congenital adrenal hyperplasia and cushing syndrome

Question 58

a group of disorders in which there is a deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands, although other hormone produced by the adrenal gland may be deficient as well

Answer 58

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 59

Clinical findings of _______ 1. May mimic symptoms of Cushing syndrome

Answer 59

Adrenal Carcinoma

Question 60

Sonographic findings of _______ 1. Solid, hypoechoic mass 2. Large, heterogeneous mass 3. cortical cancers tend to be large and have the tendency to invade the adrenal vein and IVC

Answer 60

Adrenal Carcinoma

Question 61

The fourth most common site of metastasis

Answer 61

adrenal glands

Question 62

Metastasis to the adrenal gland are most commonly from

Answer 62

lung, breast, lymphoma

Question 63

Cortical cancers tend to be _____ and have the tendency to invade the adrenal vein and IVC

Answer 63

large

Question 64

The most common extracranial solid, malignant tumor in children is. Notable clinical features are bone pain and skin lesions

Answer 64

Neuroblastoma

Question 65

Clinical findings of _______ 1. palpable abdominal mass 2. abdominal pain 3. bone pain 4. Blue or purple skin lesions

Answer 65

Neuroblastoma

Question 66

Sonographic findings of _______ 1. Large, heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland (average size is 8cm) 2. Metastasis often present at the time of discovery

Answer 66

Neuroblastoma

Question 67

Neuroblastoma typically present before what age

Answer 67

5 years of age, with a median age diagnoses of 19 months

Question 68

A _______will appear as a solid, large (average size is 8 cm), heterogeneous mass that typically contains calcifications and can spread around the IVC and aorta

Answer 68

neuroblastoma

Question 69

In cases of a suspected neuroblastoma, the _____ and other abdominal organs should be closely examined for metastatic involvement.

Answer 69

liver

Question 70

Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage (round of triangular shaped mass during acute stage then becomes heterogeneous, hypoechoic and cytsic) usually happens in

Answer 70

stressed neonates following a traumatic birth, perinatal anoxia (lack of oxygen)

Question 71

Clinical findings of _______ 1. Abdominal mass 2. Jaundice 3. Anemia 4. Acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure

Answer 71

Adrenal hemorrhage

Question 72

Sonographic findings of _______ 1. Round or triangle-shaped mass in the area of the adrenal gland 2. Various sonographic appearances based on the age of hemorrhage 3. Echogenic during the acute stage 4. With time, it will become heterogeneous, hypoechoic, and possibly cystic. 5. Residual, shadowing calcifications may remain following resolution of the hemorrhage

Answer 72

Adrenal hemorrhage

Question 73

With an active hemorrhage the patients hematocrit will

Answer 73

decrease

Question 74

an adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an imaging examination; the term may also be used for incidentally discovered masses in other organs or structures

Answer 74

incidentaloma

Question 75

Location of ______ Adrenal Gland: 1. Posterior and right lateral to the inferior vena cava 2. Medial to the right lobe of the liver 3. Lateral to the crus of the diaphragm

Answer 75

Right

Question 76

Location of ______ Adrenal Gland: 1. Medial to the upper pole of the left kidney 2. Superior segment is located posterior to the lesser sac 3. Inferior segment is located posterior and lateral to the pancreas

Answer 76

Left