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Penny abdomen > Ch. 8 The Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Ch. 8 The Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

The paired adrenal glands are controlled by hormones produced by the ___ and subsequently the ___.

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

The paired adrenal glands are considered…

A

Retroperitoneal endocrine glands

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3
Q

The hypothalamus controls the release of ______________ ________ by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Adeenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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4
Q

The hypothalamus controls the release of ___ by the anterior pituitary gland which in turn controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands.

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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5
Q

The cortex is the outer part of the gland composed of three zones called

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculta, zona reticularis

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6
Q

Each adrenal gland is composed of

A

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

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7
Q

The ______ is the outer part of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

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8
Q

inner part of adrenal gland

A

medulla

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9
Q

The adrenal cortex produces what

A

steriod hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens- sex hormones)

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10
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) are responsible for regulating

A

blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium & water in the body

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11
Q

Androgen hormones play a part in development of male secondary sex characteristics, estrogen, cortisol which controls

A

the body’s use of fat, carbohydrates, proteins

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12
Q

The inner part of the adrenal gland (medulla) produces

A

epinephrine & nor-epinephrine (both responsible for fight or flight)

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13
Q

Primary hormone produced by the medulla also referred to as adrenaline

A

epinephrine

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14
Q

The adrenal glands may also be referred to as the

A

suprarenal glands

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15
Q

Adrenal glands receive blood supply from (3)

A

suprarenal branches of inferior phrenic arteries, aorta, renal arteries

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16
Q

Adrenal gland venous drainage is performed by

A

suprarenal vein

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17
Q

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the ___ and the left suprarenal vein drains into the ___.

A

IVC, left renal vein

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18
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, minimal impact on the development of male characteristics, supplementary & precursor hormone that contributes to testosterone production by the testicles

A

androgen

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19
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water are in the body

A

aldosterone

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20
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that plays an important role in glucose metabolism, blood pressure regulation, immune function, inflammatory response

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

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21
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, minimal impact on the development of female characteristics, supplementary and precursor hormones that contribute to estrogen production by the ovaries

A

estrogen

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22
Q

Adrenal gland often seen in a pediatric patient as hypoechoic anterior, medial, and superior to what part of the kidney

A

upper pole

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23
Q

a tendinous structure that extends from the diaphragm to the vertebral column; there are two crura (plural for crus), a right crus and a left crus

A

crus of the diaphragm

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24
Q

glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

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25
Q

accelerates heart rate, increasing blood pressure, opens airways in the lungs, narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestine to increase blood flow to major muscle groups

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)

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26
Q

accelerates heart rate, increases blood pressure, contracts blood vessels

A

norepinephrine

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27
Q

This condition may be also referred as primary adrenocortical insufficiency or chronic primary hypoadrenalism

A

Addison’s disease

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28
Q

An endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

A

Addison disease

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29
Q

With ___________ disease, the cortex inadequately secretes corticosteroids resulting from partial or complete destruction of the adrenal glands

A

Addison’s disease

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30
Q

Clinical findings of ______:
1. Hypotension and cardiac insufficiency
2.Muscle Weakness and fatigue
3. Loss of appetite or weight loss
4. Bronzing of the skin (hyperpigmentation)
5. Elevated liver enzymes
6. Hyperkalemia (High levels of potassium)
7. Hyponatremia (low levels of sodium)
8. Increased adrenocorticotrophic hormone
9. Personality changes or confusion

A

Addison’s Disease

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31
Q

Sonographic findings of ______:
1. Enlarged appearance of the adrenal glands in the acute stages of the disease
2. Atrophic or calcified gland in the chronic stage (may be difficult to identify sonographically)

A

Addison’s Disease

32
Q

A syndrome that results from an anterior pituitary gland or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands

A

Cushing syndrome

33
Q

The results of a overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex and is associated with a moon shaped face, buffalo hump and hypertension (can be caused by functioning tumor in cortex- most likely adrenal adenoma)

A

Cushing’s syndrome (hypercortilosm)

34
Q

Clinical findings of ______:
1. obesity
2. thinning arms and legs
3. hypertension
4. hirsutism
5. hyperglycemia
6. severe fatigue
7. poor wound healing
8. buffalo hump
9. moon-shaped face
10. red or purple striae over the abdomen and thighs

A

Cushing Syndrome

35
Q

stretch marks

A

striae

36
Q

excessive amount of fat on the back between the shoulders

A

buffalo hump

37
Q

Sonographic findings of _______:
1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)

A

Cushing Syndrome

38
Q

This syndrome results from high levels of aldosterone secretion of the adrenal cortex

A

Conn syndrome

39
Q

A syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excessive amounts of aldosterone, also called primary hyperaldosteronism (can be caused by functioning tumor in cortex- most likely adrenal adenoma)

A

Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)

40
Q

Clinical findings of ______
1. hypertension
2. excessive thirst
3. excessive urination
4. high levels of sodium in blood (hypernatremia)
5. low levels of potassium in blood (hypokalemia)
6. muscle cramps and weakness

A

Conn Syndrome

41
Q

Sonographic findings of ______
1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)

A

Conn syndrome

42
Q

The most common benign solid mass of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal adenoma

43
Q

___________ _______ can be found in patients suffering from Cushing syndrome or Conn syndrome.

A

Adrenal adenomas

44
Q

Clinical findings of _______
1. Signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome
2. Signs and symptoms of Conn syndrome
3. May be asymptomatic

A

Adrenal Adenomas

45
Q

Sonographic findings of _______
1. Solid, hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal Adenomas

46
Q

a hyperfunctioning, benign adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream leading to uncontrollable hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma

47
Q

The pheochromocytoma in the adrenal gland is associated with

A

uncontrollable hypertension

48
Q

Clinical findings of _______
1. Uncontrollable hypertension
2. Headaches
3. Tachycardia (abnormally rapid heart rate)
4. Tremors
5. Anxiety
6. Excessive sweating

A

Pheochromocytomas

49
Q

Sonographic findings if _________
1. Large, hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland
2. Can have various sonographic appearances including hypoechoic or diffusely heterogeneous

A

Pheochromocytomas

50
Q

These cysts may be notes in the area of the adrenal glands and can often be difficult to separate from the liver, spleen, or upper pole of the kidneys

A

Adrenal cysts

51
Q

A benign simple cysts located within the adrenal glands

A

adrenal cyst (asymptomatic)

52
Q

A adrenal cyst with a rim of calcification is worrisome for

A

malignancy

53
Q

Clinical findings of ______
1. Asymptomatic
2. Large, infected, hemorrhagic cysts can cause pain

A

Adrenal Cysts

54
Q

Sonographic findings of _______
1. anechoic
2. thin walled
3. acoustic enhancement

A

Adrenal Cysts

55
Q

In the male, adrenal rest tumors may be found in the ________.

A

Testicles

56
Q

Accessory adrenal gland tissue found within the testes, epi, ovaries, and inguinal canal are called

A

adrenal rests

57
Q

Adrenal rests are associated with

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia and cushing syndrome

58
Q

a group of disorders in which there is a deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands, although other hormone produced by the adrenal gland may be deficient as week

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

59
Q

Clinical findings of _______
1. May mimic symptoms of Cushing syndrome

A

Adrenal Carcinoma

60
Q

Sonographic findings of _______
1. Solid, hypoechoic mass
2. Large, heterogeneous mass

A

Adrenal Carcinoma

61
Q

The fourth most common site of metastasis

A

adrenal glands

62
Q

Metastasis to the adrenal gland are most commonly from

A

lung, breast, lymphoma

63
Q

Cortical cancers tend to be _____ and have the tendency to invade the adrenal vein and IVC

A

large

64
Q

The most common extracranial solid, malignant tumor in children is. Notable clinical features are bone pain and skin lesions

A

Neuroblastoma

65
Q

Clinical findings of _______
1. palpable abdominal mass
2. abdominal pain
3. bone pain
4. Blue or purple skin lesions

A

Neuroblastoma

66
Q

Sonographic findings of _______
1. Large, heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland (average size is 8cm)
2. Metastasis often present at the time of discovery

A

Neuroblastoma

67
Q

Neuroblastoma typically present before what age

A

5 years of age, with a median age diagnoses of 19 months

68
Q

A _______will appear as a solid, large (average size is 8 cm), heterogeneous mass that typically contains calcifications and can spread around the IVC and aorta

A

neuroblastoma

69
Q

In cases of a suspected neuroblastoma, the _____ and other abdominal organs should be closely examined for metastatic involvement.

A

liver

70
Q

Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage (round of triangular shaped mass during acute stage then becomes heterogeneous, hypoechoic and cytsic) usually happens in

A

stressed neonates following a traumatic birth, perinatal anoxia (lack of oxygen)

71
Q

Clinical findings of _______
1. Abdominal mass
2. Jaundice
3. Anemia
4. Acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure

A

Adrenal hemorrhage

72
Q

Sonographic findings of _______
1. Round or triangle-shaped mass in the area of the adrenal gland
2. Various sonographic appearances based on the age of hemorrhage
3. Echogenic during the acute stage
4. With time, it will become heterogeneous, hypoechoic, and possibly cystic.
5. Residual, shadowing calcifications may remain following resolution of the hemorrhage

A

Adrenal hemorrhage

73
Q

With an active hemorrhage the patients hematocrit will

A

decrease

74
Q

an adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an imaging examination; the term may also be used for incidentally discovered masses in other organs or structures

A

incidentaloma

75
Q

Location of ______ Adrenal Gland:
1. Posterior and right lateral to the inferior vena cava
2. Medial to the right lobe of the liver
3. Lateral to the crus of the diaphragm

A

Right

76
Q

Location of ______ Adrenal Gland:
1. Medial to the upper pole of the left kidney
2. Superior segment is located posterior to the lesser sac
3. Inferior segment is located posterior and lateral to the pancreas

A

Left

Penny abdomen (11 decks)

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