Ch. 5 Pancreas Flashcards
True or False: the pancreas develops initially in the embryo from two separate parts that eventually fuse together to constitute its typical comma-shaped appearance.
True
Anatomically, where is the pancreas located in the body?
It is located within the epigastrium between the C loop of the duodenum and the splenic hilum
What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?
head, neck, body, tail
True or False: the pancreas is both and exocrine and endocrine gland.
True
The pancreas is an ___________ gland that aids in digestion.
Exocrine gland
The ________ ______ of the pancreas carry out the exocrine function because they produce vital digestive enzymes, such as amylase and lipase
Acinar cells
Released by the pancreas to digest carbohydrates and converts starch into sugar
Amylase
The pancreas functions as both
endocrine and exocrine gland
What is the posteromedial extension of the pancreatic head?
uncinate process
Pancreas uses ducts to transport digestive juices, is this the (exocrine or endocrine function)
exocrine gland
Pancreas releases hormone directly into the bloodstream, is this the (exocrine or endocrine function)
endocrine gland
Released by the pancreas to digest fats and converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase
Released by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid
Sodium bicarbonate
Released by the pancreas to digest proteins
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase
Other term for main pancreatic duct
Duct of Wirsung
accessory duct of pancreas
Duct of Santorini
the pancreas is a ______ organ
retroperitoneal
Islets of Langerhands is composed of:
Alpha, beta, and delta cells
From the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) the enzymes collect into the
ampulla of Vater
Pancreatic digestive enzymes are mixed with bile at the liver and released into duodenum through a major sphincter called
sphincter of Oddi
Relaxation and the consequent opening of the sphincter of Oddi is triggered by ___ released by the duodenum because the presence of chyme.
cholecystokinin
What cause the contraction of the gallbladder?
cholecystokinin
What causes the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?
cholecystokinin
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas performed by?
islets of Langerhans (composed of alpha, beta, delta cells)
What vital hormones do the islets of Langerhans produce?
insulin and glucagon
What hormone promotes the release of glucose by the liver increasing sugar levels?
glucagon (alpha cells, islets of langerhan)
What hormone stimulates the body to use up glucagon to produce energy?
insulin (beta cells, islet of Langerhans)
What hormone restrains insulin and glucose level?
somatostatin (delta cells, islet of Langerhans)
Where does the head of the pancreas get arterial blood supply?
Gastroduodenal artery
Where does the body and tail of the pancreas receive their blood supply?
Splenic and superior mesenteric arteries
Venous drainage of pancreas is achieved by?
splenic vein, superior mesenteic vein, inferior mesenteric, portal vein
What can be done to improve the visualization of the pancreatic head?
- Patient drinking a small cup of water for it to go to the duodenum to provide a delineated view of the pancreatic head
- Left lateral decubitus position
What can be done to improve the visualization of the pancreatic tail?
Scan through the left kidney and spleen while in the left lateral decubitus position
What is the normal echogenicity of the pancreas?
Greater than the liver or equal to/greater than the spleen
Normal echogenicity of pediatric pancreas
more hypoechoic because of lack of fat surrounding
In some adults, the pancreas may appear peculiarly diffusely hyperechoic, representing ______.
pancreatic steatosis- fatty infiltration of the pancreas; may be classified as alcoholic or nonalcholic; may also be referred to as a fatty pancreas.
In the transverse plane of the pancreas, what are the two anechoic structures may be noted within the pancreatic head?
- Gastroduodenal artery
- CBD
The anterioposterior diameter of the main pancreatic duct should not exceed in what measurement?
2mm
What is the normal measurement of the pancreatic head and body?
Between 2 and 3cm
What is the normal measurement of the pancreatic tail?
Between 1 and 2cm
The two most common congenital anomalies of the pancreas:
- Pancreatic divisum
- Annular pancreas
Most common congenital variant of the pancreas, abnormal fusion of the pancreatic ducts during embryologic development, results from shortened duct of Wirsung that drains only the head
pancreatic divisum
__________ _______ can lead to both acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Pancreatic divisum