Ch. 11 Noncardiac Chest and Retroperitoneum

Question 1

Th left lung typically have a ___ and ___ lobe.

Answer 1

superior, inferior

Question 2

The right lung typically has 3 lobe which are

Answer 2

superior, middle, inferior

Question 3

Each lung has a thin covering that is closely applied to its surface called

Answer 3

visceral pleura

Question 4

The inner lining of the chest thin covering is called

Answer 4

parietal pleura

Question 5

Excessive accumulation around the lung within the pleural space is called (falls to dependent side)

Answer 5

pleural effusion

Question 6

Results from imbalance in oncotic and hydrostatic pressure

Answer 6

transudate pleural effusion

Question 7

In sonography, simple pleural fluid tends to fall to the dependent side and is __________ in appearance

Answer 7

Anechoic

Question 8

Results from inflammation or a reduction in lymphatic drainage

Answer 8

exudate pleural effusion

Question 9

A pleural effusion associated with pneumonia is called

Answer 9

parapneumonic effusion

Question 10

A pleural effusion containing pus is called

Answer 10

empyema

Question 11

Complex pleural fluid may indicate what?

Answer 11

Malignancy, infection, or blood

Question 12

A procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

Answer 12

thoracentesis

Question 13

One complication of a thoracentisis is the development of a

Answer 13

pneumothorax (free air within the chest outside the lungs)

Question 14

What position is the patient in while performing thoracentesis?

Answer 14

The patient is typically placed in an upright position and access to the fluid is obtained posteriorly

Question 15

With M-mode the ___ sign is an indicator or a pneumothorax, and the ___ sign is a normal finding.

Answer 15

barcode (or stratosphere), seashore- w/ waves & sand

Question 16

One complication of the thoracentesis is the development of _________.

Answer 16

Pneumothorax

Question 17

free air within the chest outside of the lungs that can lead to lung collapse

Answer 17

pneumothorax

Question 18

The accumulation of fluid around the heart and pericardial cavity

Answer 18

pericardial effusion

Question 19

Before puberty what gland is vital for the development of T cells which are specialized lymphocytes?

Answer 19

thymus gland

Question 20

Following puberty the thymus gland slowly begins to atrophy being replaced by what in adults?

Answer 20

fat

Question 21

A separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply

Answer 21

pulmonary sequestration

Question 22

A mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest

Answer 22

cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)

Question 23

the central portion of the chest cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all of the chest organs but the lungs, including the heart, thymus gland, part of the trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes

Answer 23

mediastinum

Question 24

The ______ thymus may be noted in the pediatric patient posterior to the sternum and will appear as an echogenic mass of tissue that contains linear and punctuate echogenicities

Answer 24

normal

Question 24

The replacement of normal air filled alveoli with fluid, inflammation, blood, or neoplastic cells is (pleural effusion often seen)

Answer 24

lung consolidation

Question 25

Causes of lung consolidation

Answer 25

pneumonia, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, carcinoma

Question 26

Sonographically, what does lung consolidation look like?

Answer 26

May contain several internal echoes that radiate in a linear pattern because of air within the bronchi

Question 27

The retroperitoneum is located where?

Answer 27

posterior to parietal peritoneum & anterior transversalis fascia

Question 28

___ the retroperitoneum is bounded by the diaphragm, and ___ bounded by the pelvis brim.

Answer 28

superiorly, inferiorly

Question 29

On a transverse image what may be seen posterior to the kidney and lateral?

Answer 29

quadratus lumborum

Question 30

On transverse image what muscle may be seen posterior to the kidney & closer to the spine?

Answer 30

psoas muscle

Question 31

Paired linear muscular sections of the diaphragm that attach to the anterolateral surfaces of the upper lumbar vertebrae, may be seen on sonography as hypoechoic structures in the longitudinal plane extending caudally into the abdomen anterior to the spine

Answer 31

crura of the diaphragm (singular is crus)

Question 32

The development of a fibrous mass that covers the abdominal aorta, IVC, ureters, and sacrum

Answer 32

retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 33

_______ has been linked with infection, migraine headache medication, malignant disease, aneurysm rupture

Answer 33

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 34

Sonographic description of ______large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta

Answer 34

retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 35

The most common location for a retroperitoneal hematoma (especially hemophiliac patient)

Answer 35

psoas muscle

Question 36

Retroperitoneal hematoma can result from

Answer 36

hemophilia, trauma, and surgery

Question 37

The enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes located within the abdomen

Answer 37

retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

Question 38

Normal lymph nodes measure

Answer 38

less than 1cm

Question 39

Enlargement of a lymph nodes greater than 1 cm can indicate

Answer 39

infection or malignancy (lymphoma)

Question 40

Abdominal nodes surrounding and compressing the aorta & IVC is referred to as

Answer 40

"sandwich sign"

Question 41

Within the abdomen lymph nodes are located where?

Answer 41

mesentery, renal hilum, along length of abdominal aorta

Question 42

An inherited bleeding disorder that inhibits the control of blood clotting

Answer 42

hemophiliac

Question 43

A double fold of peritoneum that attaches to the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 43

mesentery

Question 44

The fascia that lines the anteriolateral abdominal wall & is located between the transversus abdominis muscle and peritoneum

Answer 44

transversalis fascia

Question 45

Enlarged abnormal lymph nodes tend to deviate from their normal sonographic appearance and become more

Answer 45

anechoic or hypoechic

Question 46

Clinical findings of _____ 1. Migraine medication use 2. Back pain 3. Flank pain 4. Weight loss 5. Nausea 6. Vomiting 7. Malaise

Answer 46

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Question 47

Sonographic findings of ______ 1. Large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta

Answer 47

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Question 48

Clinical findings of _____ 1. Hemophilia 2. Trauma 3. Recent surgery 4. Low hematocrit

Answer 48

Retroperitoneal Hematoma

Question 49

Sonographic findings of a ______ 1. depending on stage of blood - hematomas may appear hypoechoic, complex, or hyperechoic

Answer 49

Retroperitoneal Hematoma

Question 50

Retroperitoneal hematoma has been linked with ______

Answer 50

hemophilia

Question 51

The most common location for a retroperitoneal hematoma, especially in the hemophiliac patient, is within the _____

Answer 51

psoas muscles

Question 52

Besides the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, there are some other smaller vascular structures located in the _______ as well, including the superior mesenteric artery, hepatic artery, splenic artery, and splenic vein.

Answer 52

retroperitoneum