Ch. 8: Reproductive Function Flashcards
stores sperm
epididymides
conduct sperm to the urethra
vans deferens
produce seminal fluid that nourishes sperm
sex accessory glands
provides proper temperature for the testes
scrotum
the inner mucosal lining of the uterus which undergoes hormonal changes to facilitate and maintain pregnancy
endometrium
the middle layer of the uterus which is made up of smooth muscle and a vascular system
myometrium
the outer serous layer of the uterus that covers all of the fundus and part of the corpus, but none of the cervix
perimetrium
inability to contribute to reproduction
infertility
what are male problems that can cause infertility?
decreased sperm or sperm abnormalities, hormone deviations, physical impediments
what are female problems that cause infertility?
ovulation dysfunction, hormone deviations, physical obstructions (usually in the Fallopian tubes), severe reproductive tract infections
anatomical defect in which the urethral meatus occurs on the dorsal surface of the penis and may extend the entire length of the penis in males and where the urethral meatus may be placed in the clitoris in females
epispadias
what problems is epispadias likely to cause?
urinary tract infections, urination problems (usually in men), sexual dysfunction (usually in women)
why may epispadias cause reproductive problems in men?
they may have trouble propelling the sperm when they ejaculate
condition in which the urethral meatus is on the ventral surface of the penis instead of the end. the opening can extend the length of the penis. males with this condition may have chordee
hypospadias
downward curvature of the penis that occurs with hypospadias and is most apparent when the patient has an erection
chordee. can be painful and need surgical correction
occurs when the foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis
phimosis
when is phimosis normal?
during the first three years of age, but the foreskin should become retractable as the child grows
what things can lead to phimosis?
poor hygiene, infections, inflammation, they could be born with a defect in which the skin is just too tight
what complications can arise because of phimosis?
could cover the urethral meatus and cause a urinary obstruction, and cause a lot of pain
when the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the glans penis
paraphimosis
what occurs when the foreskin cannot be returned to the glans penis?
the penis becomes constricted and the glans becomes edematous. lack of blood flow can lead to gangrene, making it a medical emergency
prolonged, painful erection that is not the result of sexual stimulation
priapism
what are the two things that priapism can result from?
from too much blood shunting within the corpus cavernosum (nonischemic or high-flow priapism) or from blood becoming trapped in the penis (ischemic or low-flow priapism)
at what ages is priapism most common?
5-10 and 20-50
what conditions can priapism occur with?
blood, circulatory, or nervous dysfunctions: sickle cell anemia, leukemia, trauma, tumors, DM, spinal cord injuries, neurologic diseases, medications, alcohol and illicit drugs, poisonous venom
fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord that can affect one or both testes
hydrocele
what are the possible causes of a hydrocele?
it can be congenital or occur in adults due to trauma, infection, or inflammation
how long do congenital hydroceles usually last?
usually resolve without treatment in one year
are hydroceles usually painful?
no, they are usually painless, but the person complains of a heavy feeling in the scrotum
when will the edema of a hydrocele be worse?
at night - dependent edema
how can you differentiate between fluid accumulation and a tumor in the testicles?
transillumination. it will transilluminate if it is fluid, but not if it is a solid mass
sperm-containing cyst that develops between the testes and epididymis
spermatocele
what are the manifestations of a spermatocele?
painless, small moveable cyst that will transilluminate and can get larger over time (if it gets large enough it may cause pain by putting pressure on other structures)
what are some causes of a spermatocele?
idiopathic, due to a blockage of the duct system, infection, inflammation, trauma
dilated vein in the spermatic cord that occurs when the valves of the veins quit working and cause blood to trap
varicocele
what are the causes of varicoceles?
congenital defects, obstructions, valvular dysfunctions
what is the most common reason for low sperm counts in men?
varicoceles
what are the manifestations of varicoceles?
“bag of worms” feeling of the testicles, scrotal heaviness
abnormal rotation of the testicles on the spermatic cord that usually occurs in adolescents and young boys
testicular torsion
what are some causes of testicular torsion?
most frequently caused by trauma but can also occur after strenuous exercise or spontaneously especially in persons whose testicles are not secrured in the scrotum because of a congenital difference
what are manifestations of testicular torsion?
sudden, severe testicular pain with or without a predisposing event, scrotal swelling, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hematospermia, and a testicular mass
acute or chronic inflammation of the postate
prostatitis
what are the causes of prostatitis?
usually caused by a bladder infection in which the bacteria migrate to the prostate. can be caused by anything that triggers the inflammatory process
who is prostatitis most common in?
young and middle-aged men, and immune compromised states
what are the manifestations of prostatitis?
dysuria, difficulty urinating, urinary frequency and urgency, nocturia, pain in the abdomen, groin, lower back, perineum, or genitals, painful ejaculation, indications of infection such as fever, chills, and maylgia, recurrent UTIs
when does the irregularity of a menstrual cycle occur?
before ovulation. after ovulation, menstration will occur in 14 days
complete cessation of the menstrual cycle that occurs around age 52
menopause
what are the manifestations of menopause?
breast and internal reproductive organs atrophy, decreased vaginal secretions (can lead to painful intercourse), behavioral changes, headaches, insomnia, hot flashes, night sweates, decreased bone density
absence of menstruation
amenorrhea
what are the causes of amenorrha?
congenital defects, hypothalmic tumors, stress, sudden weight loss, anorexia, extreme reduction in body fat (because fat stores estrogen), chemotherapy, pregnancy, lactatoin, menopause
painful menstruation that is so painful that the woman cannot perform her daily activities
dysmenorrhea
is dysmenorrhea primary or secondary?
it can be primary or secondary to an infection or something