Ch. 11 Neural Function Flashcards
what are the causes of neural disorders?
congenital defects, trauma, infections, tumors, chemical imbalances, and vascular changes
what are the functions that the nervous system manages?
structures such as muscles, glands, and organs; heart rate; blood flow; breathing; digestion; urination; and defecation
cranial nerves that carry only sensory fibers
I, II, and VIII
cranial nerves that carry only motor fibers
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
cranial nerves that carry both sensory and nerve fibers
V, VII, IX, and X
facilitates volunatry motor activity and plays a role in personality traits
frontal lobe
receives and interprets sensory input, with the exception of smell, hearing, and vision stimuli
parietal lobe
processes visual information
occipital lobe
plays an essential role in hearing and memory
temporal lobe
includes the thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
receives and relays most of the sensory input such as those of pain, termperature, and pressure; affects mood; and initiates body movments
thalamus
most inferior portion of the diencephalon; regulates many bodily functions such as temperature, respiratoins, and heart beat. directs hormone secretions of the pituitary
hypothalamus
crucial for many basic body functions such as maintaining heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations. collaborates with hypothalamus to regulate these vital activities. injury can easily result in death. origin of many cranial nerves. reflex center for movements of eyeballs, head, and trunk. plays a role in consciousness.
brain stem
part of the brainstem that contains nerves that regulate sleep and breathing
pons
smallest region of the brainstem, and brain in general. acts as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information and controls the visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement
midbrain
part of the brainstem that is a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts. coordinates heart rate, peripheral vascular resistance, breathing, swallowing, vomitine, coughing, and sneezing
medulla
acts like a gatekeeper, receiving all incoming and outgoing information. sends impulses to the cerebral cortex through specialized nerve fibers called reticular activation system
reticular formation
responsible for alertness during the day and can prevent sleeping at night
reticular formation and reticular activation system
communicates with other regions of the brain to coordinate the synergistic motion of muscle movement and balance as well as cognition. coordinates subconscious movements of skeletal muscles. contributes to muscle tone, posture, balance, and equilibrium
cerebellum
play a pivotal role in coordination, motor movement, and posture. slow, sustained movments. suppresses useless patterns of movement.
basal ganglia
works in conjunction with the hypothalamus to influence instinctive behavior, emotions, motivation, mood, pain, and pleasure
limbic system
large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord exits
foramen magnum
where does the spinal cord terminate
second lumbar vertebrae. here it splits into the cauda equana
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
permits sensation of light touch, pressure, tickling, and itching
anterior spinothalamic tracts
allow the sensatoins of pain and temperature
lateral spinothalamic tracts
establish the body’s position in relation to the cerebellum
spinocerebellar tracts
coordinate movements, especially in the hands
corticospinal tracts
responsible for involuntary movements
vestibulospinal tracts and reticulospinal tracts
withdrawal reflex that occurs in response to touching an unpleasant stimulus
flexor reflex
of the 31 spinal nerves, how many are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
spinal nerves arise from approximately 6-8 small nerves called
rootlets
what does each spinal nerve, with the exception of C1 have in common?
they each have a specific body surface area from which they obtain sensory information
what are the four plexuses and where are they located?
cervical - located from C1 to C4
brachial - from C5 to T1
lumbar - from L1 to L4
sacral - from L4-S4
controls smooth muscles and is responsible for the fight-or-flight response
autonomic nervous system
is the autonomic nervous system under conscious control?
no
what things does the ANS affect?
heart rate, blood pressure, and intestinal motility
what are the two divisions of the ANS?
the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system
responsible for fight-or-flight response; initiated when a person is startled or faced with danger and is augmented by secretions from the adrenal medulla
SNS
responsible for the rest and digest response
parasympathetic nervous system
how will the ANS initiate physiologic responses?
by stimulating or inhibiting neurotransmitters and receptors
which receptors does the SNS stimulate and which does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate?
SNS stimulates the adrenergic receptors while the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the cholinergic receptors
cranial nerve I
olfactory
CN II
optic
CN III
occulomotor
CN IV
trochlear
CN V
trigeminal
CN VI
abducens
CN VII
facial
CN VIII
vestibulocohlear
CN IX
glosopharyngeal
CN X
vagus
CN XI
spinal accessory
CN XII
hypoglossal
condition in which excess CSF accumulates within the skull, which dilates the ventricles and compresses the brain and blood vessels
hydrocephalus