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EMT-P (PAR 205-PREP) > CH. 8 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

CH. 8 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

any molecule that can give up a hydrogen ion

A

acid

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2
Q

a blood pH of less than 7.35

A

acidosis

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3
Q

the immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader

A

acquired immunity

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4
Q

mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils

A

activation

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5
Q

the dilation of arterioles after transient arteriolar constriction, which allows influx of blood under increased pressure

A

active hyperemia

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6
Q

the attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells mediated by selectins and integrins

A

adhesion

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7
Q

a connective tissue containing large amounts of lipids

A

adipose tissue

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8
Q

a type of receptor that is associated with the sympathetic nerves and stimulated by epinephrine and norepi; activation caused by a sympathetic response

A

adrenergic receptor

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9
Q

the metabolic acidotic state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and have to switch to fatty acid metabolism

A

alcoholic ketoacidosis

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10
Q

a blood pH of greater than 7.45

A

alkalosis

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11
Q

any substance that causes a hyper allergic reaction

A

allergen

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12
Q

a hypersensitivity reaction that causes bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse

A

anaphylactic shock

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13
Q

the growth of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

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14
Q

negatively charged ions

A

anions

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15
Q

a protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system

A

antibody

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16
Q

causes the ducts in the kidney to become more permeable to water

A

ADH

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17
Q

a foreign substance recognized by the immune system

A

antigen

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18
Q

normal, genetically programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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19
Q

a localized reaction involving vascular inflammation in response to IgG mediated allergic response

A

Arthus reaction

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20
Q

a chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production

A

asthma

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21
Q

the medical term for having an allergic tendency

A

atopic

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22
Q

a decrease in cell size due to loss of sub cellular components

A

atrophy

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23
Q

antibodies directed against the body’s own proteins

A

autoantibodies

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24
Q

a hormone that acts on the cell from which it has been secreted

A

autocrine hormone

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25
Q

the production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of the person’s own body producing autoimmune disease or a hypersensitivity reaction

A

autoimmunity

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26
Q

a pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes

A

autosomal dominant

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27
Q

a pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait

A

autosomal recessive

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28
Q

the part of the neurons that conduct the impulses away from the cell body

A

axons

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29
Q

a type of receptor that responds to changes in pressure, usually within the heart or the main arteries

A

baroreceptor

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30
Q

any molecules the can accept a hydrogen ion

A

base

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31
Q

approx 1% of the leukocytes essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation due to their role in releasing histamines and other chemicals that dilate blood vessels

A

basophils

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32
Q

specialized tissue found within the bone

A

bone marrow

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33
Q

a slow respiratory rate

A

bradypnea

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34
Q

molecules that modulate changes in pH to keep it in the physiologic range

A

buffers

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35
Q

a test done on the fingernails or toenails by briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return

A

capillary time refill

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36
Q

a condition caused by the loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart is no longer able to circulate sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen delivery

A

cardiogenic shock

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37
Q

positively charged ions

A

cations

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38
Q

the immune process by which T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and then secrete cytokines that attract other cells or stimulate the production of cytotoxic cells that kill the infected cells

A

cell meditated immunity

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39
Q

the process by which cells communicate with one another

A

cell signaling

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40
Q

a type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock

A

central shock

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41
Q

a type of receptor that senses change in the chemical composition of the blood, especially reduced oxygen levels

A

chemoreceptor

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42
Q

components of the activated complement system attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections

A

chemotaxins

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43
Q

the movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators, such as neutrophils, injured tissue, and monocytes

A

chemotaxis

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44
Q

the system that forms blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs to the vascular tree

A

coagulation system

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45
Q

a group of plasma proteins whose functions are to do one of three things: attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation, activate leukocytes and directly destroy cells

A

complment system

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46
Q

the type of tissue that binds various tissue types together

A

connective tissue

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47
Q

the products of cells that affect the function of other cells

A

cytokines

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48
Q

the parts of neuron that receive impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of NT’s

A

dendrites

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49
Q

process of losing a hydrogen atom in the presence of water

A

dissociates

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50
Q

the type of shock that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), and capacitance vessels (small venules) or both

A

distributive shock

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51
Q

an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells

A

dysplasia

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52
Q

the hormones that are carried to their target or cell group in the blood stream

A

endocrine hormones

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53
Q

specific types of epithelial cells that line the blood vessels

A

endothelial cells

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54
Q

white blood cells with a major role in the allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; makes up approx 1-3% of leukocytes

A

eosinophils

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55
Q

a type of tissue that covers all external surfaces of the body

A

epithelium

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56
Q

the hormones that are secreted through ducts into an organ or onto epithelial surfaces

A

exocrine hormones

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57
Q

negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body

A

feedback inhibition

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58
Q

a whitish, filamentous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; the protein that polymerizes to form the fibrous component of a blood clot

A

fibrin

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59
Q

the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots

A

fibrinolysis cascade

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60
Q

molecules missing one electron in their outer shell

A

free radicals

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61
Q

a three stage description of the body’s short and long term reactions to stress

A

general adaptation syndrome

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62
Q

a reaction of bacteria to a gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has cell walls that consist largely of lipids, and have pathogenic qualities that make them problematic for humans

A

gram-negative

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63
Q

a reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has thick cell walls composed of many layers

A

gram positive

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64
Q

the lymphoid tissue that lies under the inner lining of the esophagus and intestines

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

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65
Q

a substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but can be combined with an antigen and at a later point initiate an antibody response

A

hapten

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66
Q

a type of T lymphocyte that is involved in cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses. It secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells

A

helper t cells

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67
Q

an inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas

A

hemochromatosis

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68
Q

a disease characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells. It can occur from an Rh factor reaction, exposure to chemicals, or disorder of the immune system

A

hemolytic anemia

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69
Q

an inherited sex linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding

A

hemophilia

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70
Q

a vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation

A

histamine

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71
Q

the adaptive process by which the body maintains internal balance

A

homeostasis

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72
Q

proteins formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth and temperature

A

hormones

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73
Q

the immunity that uses antibodies made by B-cell lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity

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74
Q

an elevated blood calcium level

A

hypercalcemia

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75
Q

an elevated blood cholesterol level

A

hypercholesterolemia

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76
Q

an elevated serum potassium level

A

hyperkalemia

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77
Q

an increased serum magnesium level

A

hypermagnesemia

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78
Q

a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L

A

hypernatremia

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79
Q

an elevated serum phosphate level

A

hyperphoshatemia

80
Q

an increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in size of the organ or tissue

A

hyperplasia

81
Q

a generic term for responses of the body to a substance which a patient has increased sensitivity

A

hypersensitivity

82
Q

a solution with a higher solute concentration than another solution to which it is compared

A

hypertonic solution

83
Q

an increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more sub cellular components, leading to an increase in tissue and organ size

A

hypertrophy

84
Q

a decreased serum calcium level

A

hypocalcemia

85
Q

a decreased serum potassium level

A

hypokalemia

86
Q

a decreased serum magnesium level

A

hypomagnesemia

87
Q

a serum sodium level that is less than 135 mEq/L

A

hyponatremia

88
Q

a condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions

A

hypoperfusion

89
Q

a decreased serum phosphate level

A

hypophasphatemia

90
Q

a major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress.

A

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

91
Q

a solution with a lower solute concentration than another solution to which it is compared

A

hypotonic solution

92
Q

a condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body

A

hypovolemic shock

93
Q

the body’s defense reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign

A

immune response

94
Q

the body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease causing agents

A

immune system

95
Q

an abnormal condition in which part of the body’s immune system is inadequate, and resistance to infectious disease is decreased

A

immunodeficiency

96
Q

an antigen that is capable of generating an immune response

A

immunogen

97
Q

antibodies secreted by B cells

A

immunoglobulins

98
Q

the number of new cases of a disease in a population

A

incidence

99
Q

a reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury characterized by pain swelling redness and heat

A

inflammatory redness

100
Q

a protein produced by cells in response to viral invasion that is released into the bloodstream or intercellular fluid to induce healthy cells to manufacture an enzyme that counters the infection

A

interferon

101
Q

chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion

A

interleukins

102
Q

atoms that have become positively or negatively charged by giving up or acquiring an electron

A

ions

103
Q

the formation of antibodies or T cells that are directed against antigens or another person’s cells

A

isoimmunity

104
Q

solutions with the same osmolarity as intracellular fluid (280 mOsm/L)

A

isotonic solutions

105
Q

an acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism

A

ketoacidosis

106
Q

acidic by products of fat metabolism

A

ketones

107
Q

term used for a group of polypeptides that are inflammatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle to produce vasodilation

A

kinin system

108
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration due to hypoperfusion of tissues and organs

A

lactic acidosis

109
Q

the white blood cells responsible for fighting infection

A

leukocytes

110
Q

elevation of the WBC count due to inflammation

A

leukocytosis

111
Q

arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation; aka slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis

A

leukotrienes

112
Q

any molecule that binds to a receptor to form a more complex structure

A

ligands

113
Q

a thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

A

lymph

114
Q

network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes and organs that help to maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and transporting it through the body

A

lymphatic system

115
Q

the white blood cells responsible for a large part of the body’s immune protection

A

lymphocytes

116
Q

cytokines released by lymphocytes including many of the interleukins gamma interferon tumor necrosis factor beta and chemokines

A

lymphokines

117
Q

cells that develop from the monocytes that provide the body’s first line of defense in the inflammatory process

A

macrophages

118
Q

the loss of fluid from the blood vessels into the tissue, causing the blood left in the vessel to increased viscosity turing slow the flow of blood and producing stasis

A

margination

119
Q

the cells that resemble basophils but do not circulate in the blood; have a role in allergic reactions, immunity, and wound healing

A

mast cells

120
Q

molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane leading to weakened areas in the membrane

A

membrane attack complex

121
Q

a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.

A

metabolic acidosis

122
Q

a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause

A

metabolic alkalosis

123
Q

a reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

A

metaplasia

124
Q

the metabolic center or powerhouse of the cell; small and rod shaped organelles

A

mitochondria

125
Q

a pathologic condition in which there is a low pH, an elevated PCO2 level and low bicarbonate level and which occurs when there is both a respiratory and metabolic cause present at the same time

A

mixed acidosis

126
Q

a pathologic condition in which there is an elevated pH, a low PCO2 level, and an elevated bicarbonate level occurring when this is both a respiratory and metabolic cause present at the same time

A

mixed alkalosis

127
Q

mononuclear phagocytic WBC’s derived from myeloid stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream for about 2 hours and then move into tissues to mature into macrophages

A

monocytes

128
Q

number of nonfatally injured or disabled people; usually expressed as a rate with the number of nonfatal injuries in a certain population in a given time period divided by the size of the population

A

morbidity

129
Q

an excessively unhealthy accumulation of body fat defined as a body mass index greater than or equal to 40 kg/m^2

A

morbid obese

130
Q

the quality of being mortal; number of deaths from a disease in a given population

A

mortality

131
Q

the lymphoid tissue associated with the skin and the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive traits as well as the tonsils

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

132
Q

a grave but sometimes reversible condition in an acutely ill patient characterized by the progressive dysfunction of two or more organ or organ systems not affected by the patient’s initial illness or injury

A

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

133
Q

a nonspecific cellular and humoral response that operates as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens; called native immunity

A

natural immunity

134
Q

the death of tissue caused by a cessation of the blood supply

A

necrosis

135
Q

the concept that once the desired effect of a process has been achieved, action is inhibited until it is needed again

A

negative feedback

136
Q

a type of shock that usually results from spinal cord injury; loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodilation occur

A

neurogenic shock

137
Q

proteins that affect signals between cells of the nervous system

A

neurotransmitters

138
Q

cells that make up approx 55-70% of the leukocytes responsible in large part for the body’s protection against infection

A

neutrophils

139
Q

a cellular organelle that contains genetic information; controls the function and structure of the cell

A

nucleus

140
Q

an unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30 kg/m^2

A

obesity

141
Q

the type of shock that occurs when blood flow to the heart or great vessels is obstructed

A

obstructive shock

142
Q

decreased urine output

A

oliguria

143
Q

the process by which an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells

A

opsonization

144
Q

the internal cellular structures that carry out specific functions for the cell

A

organelles

145
Q

the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution

A

osmolarity

146
Q

movement of water or another solvent across a membrane from a region of higher water concentration or low solute concentration to one of lower water concentration or high solute concentration

A

osmosis

147
Q

an unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m^2

A

overweight

148
Q

the hormones that diffuse through intracellular spaces to their target

A

paracrine hormones

149
Q

the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

A

pathophysiology

150
Q

the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, organs, and tissues of the body; also involves the removal of wastes

A

perfusion

151
Q

the impairment of diastolic filling of the right ventricle due to significant amounts of fluids in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output

A

pericardial tamponade

152
Q

all of the nerves of the body extending form the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral shock

153
Q

the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

A

pH

154
Q

the cells that engulf and consume foreign material such as microorganisms and debris

A

phagocytes

155
Q

the process in which one cell eats or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it

A

phagocytosis

156
Q

the type of white blood cells formed by bone marrow tissue that have a nucleus consisting of several parts of lobes connected by fine strands

A

polymorphonuclear neutrophils

157
Q

frequent and plentiful urination

A

polyuria

158
Q

the number of cases of a disease in a specific population within a given period

A

prevalence

159
Q

a group of lipids that act as chemical messengers

A

prostaglandins

160
Q

chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain and affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in the body’s core temperature

A

pyrogens

161
Q

a specialized area in tissue that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation

A

receptor

162
Q

a complex feedback mechanism responsible for the regulation of sodium in the body by the kidneys

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)

163
Q

a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause

A

respiratory acidosis

164
Q

a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause

A

respiratory alkalosis

165
Q

an antigen present in the erythrocytes (RBC’s) of about 85% of people

A

Rh factor

166
Q

a nucleic acid associated with controlling cellular activities

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

167
Q

the type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection usually bacterial; untreated and the result could end in death

A

septic shock

168
Q

a vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation

A

serotonin

169
Q

a condition in which antigen-antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream deposit in sites around the body, like the kidneys, resulting in inflammatory reactions

A

serum sickness

170
Q

biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid called leukotrienes

A

slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis

171
Q

the cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen bearing target cells

A

T killer cells

172
Q

the tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane

A

tonicity

173
Q

the polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space

A

transmigration (diapedesis)

174
Q

multiple small raised area in the skin that may be one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis also known as hives

A

urticaria

175
Q

an inflammation of the blood vessels

A

vasculitis

176
Q

substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability

A

vasoactive amines

177
Q

a measure of the disease causing ability of a microorganism

A

virulence

178
Q

these contain RNA and protein. RNA is responsible for controlling cellular activities. These interact with RNA from other parts of the cell, joining amino acids together to form proteins. When these attach to the ER they create rER

A

ribosomes

179
Q

a network of tubules, vesicles, and sacs. This is involved in the building of proteins. It is involved in building lipids such as those found in the cell membrane

A

ER

180
Q

located near the nucleus of the cell. Involved in the synthesis and packaging of various carbs and complex protein molecules, such as enzymes

A

golgi apparatus

181
Q

membrane boud vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and breakdown organic debris like bacteria.

A

lysosomes

182
Q

found in high concentrations in the liver and neutralize toxins such as alcohol

A

peroxisomes

183
Q

Plasma makes up how much of the blood? Thus composed how much of water and plasma protein?

A

55%; 91% water, 9% plasma protein

184
Q

plasma proteins comprise of?

A

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and prothrombin

185
Q

what is the purpose of albumin?

A

maintains osmotic pressure

186
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin function?

A

assist with clotting

187
Q

basic sodium requirements for the body?

A

500 mg/d

188
Q

average adult sodium intake

A

3400 mg/d

189
Q

maximum sodium intake

A

1500 mg/d

190
Q

normal levels for serum sodium

A

136-144 mEq/L

191
Q

Name the reasons why potassium is important

A

neuromuscular control, regulation of the three muscle types, acid base balance, intracellular enzyme reactions, and maintenance of intracellular osmolarity

192
Q

the normal potassium serum levels

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

193
Q

the normal magnesium serum levels

A

1.5-2 mEq/L

194
Q

the normal calcium serum levels

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

195
Q

the normal phosphate serum levels

A

2.3-4.7 mg/dL

196
Q

the normal chloride serum levels

A

98-108 mEq/L

EMT-P (PAR 205-PREP) (16 decks)

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