CH. 8 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
any molecule that can give up a hydrogen ion
acid
a blood pH of less than 7.35
acidosis
the immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader
acquired immunity
mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils
activation
the dilation of arterioles after transient arteriolar constriction, which allows influx of blood under increased pressure
active hyperemia
the attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells mediated by selectins and integrins
adhesion
a connective tissue containing large amounts of lipids
adipose tissue
a type of receptor that is associated with the sympathetic nerves and stimulated by epinephrine and norepi; activation caused by a sympathetic response
adrenergic receptor
the metabolic acidotic state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and have to switch to fatty acid metabolism
alcoholic ketoacidosis
a blood pH of greater than 7.45
alkalosis
any substance that causes a hyper allergic reaction
allergen
a hypersensitivity reaction that causes bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse
anaphylactic shock
the growth of new blood vessels
angiogenesis
negatively charged ions
anions
a protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system
antibody
causes the ducts in the kidney to become more permeable to water
ADH
a foreign substance recognized by the immune system
antigen
normal, genetically programmed cell death
apoptosis
a localized reaction involving vascular inflammation in response to IgG mediated allergic response
Arthus reaction
a chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production
asthma
the medical term for having an allergic tendency
atopic
a decrease in cell size due to loss of sub cellular components
atrophy
antibodies directed against the body’s own proteins
autoantibodies
a hormone that acts on the cell from which it has been secreted
autocrine hormone
the production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of the person’s own body producing autoimmune disease or a hypersensitivity reaction
autoimmunity
a pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes
autosomal dominant
a pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait
autosomal recessive
the part of the neurons that conduct the impulses away from the cell body
axons
a type of receptor that responds to changes in pressure, usually within the heart or the main arteries
baroreceptor
any molecules the can accept a hydrogen ion
base
approx 1% of the leukocytes essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation due to their role in releasing histamines and other chemicals that dilate blood vessels
basophils
specialized tissue found within the bone
bone marrow
a slow respiratory rate
bradypnea
molecules that modulate changes in pH to keep it in the physiologic range
buffers
a test done on the fingernails or toenails by briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return
capillary time refill
a condition caused by the loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart is no longer able to circulate sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen delivery
cardiogenic shock
positively charged ions
cations
the immune process by which T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and then secrete cytokines that attract other cells or stimulate the production of cytotoxic cells that kill the infected cells
cell meditated immunity
the process by which cells communicate with one another
cell signaling
a type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock
central shock
a type of receptor that senses change in the chemical composition of the blood, especially reduced oxygen levels
chemoreceptor
components of the activated complement system attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections
chemotaxins
the movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators, such as neutrophils, injured tissue, and monocytes
chemotaxis
the system that forms blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs to the vascular tree
coagulation system
a group of plasma proteins whose functions are to do one of three things: attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation, activate leukocytes and directly destroy cells
complment system
the type of tissue that binds various tissue types together
connective tissue
the products of cells that affect the function of other cells
cytokines
the parts of neuron that receive impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of NT’s
dendrites
process of losing a hydrogen atom in the presence of water
dissociates
the type of shock that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), and capacitance vessels (small venules) or both
distributive shock
an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells
dysplasia
the hormones that are carried to their target or cell group in the blood stream
endocrine hormones
specific types of epithelial cells that line the blood vessels
endothelial cells
white blood cells with a major role in the allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; makes up approx 1-3% of leukocytes
eosinophils
a type of tissue that covers all external surfaces of the body
epithelium
the hormones that are secreted through ducts into an organ or onto epithelial surfaces
exocrine hormones
negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body
feedback inhibition
a whitish, filamentous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; the protein that polymerizes to form the fibrous component of a blood clot
fibrin
the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots
fibrinolysis cascade
molecules missing one electron in their outer shell
free radicals
a three stage description of the body’s short and long term reactions to stress
general adaptation syndrome
a reaction of bacteria to a gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has cell walls that consist largely of lipids, and have pathogenic qualities that make them problematic for humans
gram-negative
a reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has thick cell walls composed of many layers
gram positive
the lymphoid tissue that lies under the inner lining of the esophagus and intestines
gut associated lymphoid tissue
a substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but can be combined with an antigen and at a later point initiate an antibody response
hapten
a type of T lymphocyte that is involved in cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses. It secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells
helper t cells
an inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas
hemochromatosis
a disease characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells. It can occur from an Rh factor reaction, exposure to chemicals, or disorder of the immune system
hemolytic anemia
an inherited sex linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding
hemophilia
a vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation
histamine
the adaptive process by which the body maintains internal balance
homeostasis
proteins formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth and temperature
hormones
the immunity that uses antibodies made by B-cell lymphocytes
humoral immunity
an elevated blood calcium level
hypercalcemia
an elevated blood cholesterol level
hypercholesterolemia
an elevated serum potassium level
hyperkalemia
an increased serum magnesium level
hypermagnesemia
a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L
hypernatremia
an elevated serum phosphate level
hyperphoshatemia
an increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in size of the organ or tissue
hyperplasia
a generic term for responses of the body to a substance which a patient has increased sensitivity
hypersensitivity
a solution with a higher solute concentration than another solution to which it is compared
hypertonic solution
an increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more sub cellular components, leading to an increase in tissue and organ size
hypertrophy
a decreased serum calcium level
hypocalcemia
a decreased serum potassium level
hypokalemia
a decreased serum magnesium level
hypomagnesemia
a serum sodium level that is less than 135 mEq/L
hyponatremia
a condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions
hypoperfusion
a decreased serum phosphate level
hypophasphatemia
a major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress.
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
a solution with a lower solute concentration than another solution to which it is compared
hypotonic solution
a condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body
hypovolemic shock
the body’s defense reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign
immune response
the body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease causing agents
immune system
an abnormal condition in which part of the body’s immune system is inadequate, and resistance to infectious disease is decreased
immunodeficiency
an antigen that is capable of generating an immune response
immunogen
antibodies secreted by B cells
immunoglobulins
the number of new cases of a disease in a population
incidence
a reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury characterized by pain swelling redness and heat
inflammatory redness
a protein produced by cells in response to viral invasion that is released into the bloodstream or intercellular fluid to induce healthy cells to manufacture an enzyme that counters the infection
interferon
chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion
interleukins
atoms that have become positively or negatively charged by giving up or acquiring an electron
ions
the formation of antibodies or T cells that are directed against antigens or another person’s cells
isoimmunity
solutions with the same osmolarity as intracellular fluid (280 mOsm/L)
isotonic solutions
an acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism
ketoacidosis
acidic by products of fat metabolism
ketones
term used for a group of polypeptides that are inflammatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle to produce vasodilation
kinin system
anaerobic cellular respiration due to hypoperfusion of tissues and organs
lactic acidosis
the white blood cells responsible for fighting infection
leukocytes
elevation of the WBC count due to inflammation
leukocytosis
arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation; aka slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis
leukotrienes
any molecule that binds to a receptor to form a more complex structure
ligands
a thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body
lymph
network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes and organs that help to maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and transporting it through the body
lymphatic system
the white blood cells responsible for a large part of the body’s immune protection
lymphocytes
cytokines released by lymphocytes including many of the interleukins gamma interferon tumor necrosis factor beta and chemokines
lymphokines
cells that develop from the monocytes that provide the body’s first line of defense in the inflammatory process
macrophages
the loss of fluid from the blood vessels into the tissue, causing the blood left in the vessel to increased viscosity turing slow the flow of blood and producing stasis
margination
the cells that resemble basophils but do not circulate in the blood; have a role in allergic reactions, immunity, and wound healing
mast cells
molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane leading to weakened areas in the membrane
membrane attack complex
a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.
metabolic acidosis
a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause
metabolic alkalosis
a reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
metaplasia
the metabolic center or powerhouse of the cell; small and rod shaped organelles
mitochondria
a pathologic condition in which there is a low pH, an elevated PCO2 level and low bicarbonate level and which occurs when there is both a respiratory and metabolic cause present at the same time
mixed acidosis
a pathologic condition in which there is an elevated pH, a low PCO2 level, and an elevated bicarbonate level occurring when this is both a respiratory and metabolic cause present at the same time
mixed alkalosis
mononuclear phagocytic WBC’s derived from myeloid stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream for about 2 hours and then move into tissues to mature into macrophages
monocytes
number of nonfatally injured or disabled people; usually expressed as a rate with the number of nonfatal injuries in a certain population in a given time period divided by the size of the population
morbidity
an excessively unhealthy accumulation of body fat defined as a body mass index greater than or equal to 40 kg/m^2
morbid obese
the quality of being mortal; number of deaths from a disease in a given population
mortality
the lymphoid tissue associated with the skin and the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive traits as well as the tonsils
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
a grave but sometimes reversible condition in an acutely ill patient characterized by the progressive dysfunction of two or more organ or organ systems not affected by the patient’s initial illness or injury
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
a nonspecific cellular and humoral response that operates as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens; called native immunity
natural immunity
the death of tissue caused by a cessation of the blood supply
necrosis
the concept that once the desired effect of a process has been achieved, action is inhibited until it is needed again
negative feedback
a type of shock that usually results from spinal cord injury; loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodilation occur
neurogenic shock
proteins that affect signals between cells of the nervous system
neurotransmitters
cells that make up approx 55-70% of the leukocytes responsible in large part for the body’s protection against infection
neutrophils
a cellular organelle that contains genetic information; controls the function and structure of the cell
nucleus
an unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30 kg/m^2
obesity
the type of shock that occurs when blood flow to the heart or great vessels is obstructed
obstructive shock
decreased urine output
oliguria
the process by which an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells
opsonization
the internal cellular structures that carry out specific functions for the cell
organelles
the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution
osmolarity
movement of water or another solvent across a membrane from a region of higher water concentration or low solute concentration to one of lower water concentration or high solute concentration
osmosis
an unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m^2
overweight
the hormones that diffuse through intracellular spaces to their target
paracrine hormones
the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
pathophysiology
the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, organs, and tissues of the body; also involves the removal of wastes
perfusion
the impairment of diastolic filling of the right ventricle due to significant amounts of fluids in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output
pericardial tamponade
all of the nerves of the body extending form the brain and spinal cord
peripheral shock
the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH
the cells that engulf and consume foreign material such as microorganisms and debris
phagocytes
the process in which one cell eats or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it
phagocytosis
the type of white blood cells formed by bone marrow tissue that have a nucleus consisting of several parts of lobes connected by fine strands
polymorphonuclear neutrophils
frequent and plentiful urination
polyuria
the number of cases of a disease in a specific population within a given period
prevalence
a group of lipids that act as chemical messengers
prostaglandins
chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain and affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in the body’s core temperature
pyrogens
a specialized area in tissue that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation
receptor
a complex feedback mechanism responsible for the regulation of sodium in the body by the kidneys
renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)
a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause
respiratory acidosis
a pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause
respiratory alkalosis
an antigen present in the erythrocytes (RBC’s) of about 85% of people
Rh factor
a nucleic acid associated with controlling cellular activities
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
the type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection usually bacterial; untreated and the result could end in death
septic shock
a vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation
serotonin
a condition in which antigen-antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream deposit in sites around the body, like the kidneys, resulting in inflammatory reactions
serum sickness
biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid called leukotrienes
slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis
the cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen bearing target cells
T killer cells
the tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane
tonicity
the polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space
transmigration (diapedesis)
multiple small raised area in the skin that may be one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis also known as hives
urticaria
an inflammation of the blood vessels
vasculitis
substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability
vasoactive amines
a measure of the disease causing ability of a microorganism
virulence
these contain RNA and protein. RNA is responsible for controlling cellular activities. These interact with RNA from other parts of the cell, joining amino acids together to form proteins. When these attach to the ER they create rER
ribosomes
a network of tubules, vesicles, and sacs. This is involved in the building of proteins. It is involved in building lipids such as those found in the cell membrane
ER
located near the nucleus of the cell. Involved in the synthesis and packaging of various carbs and complex protein molecules, such as enzymes
golgi apparatus
membrane boud vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and breakdown organic debris like bacteria.
lysosomes
found in high concentrations in the liver and neutralize toxins such as alcohol
peroxisomes
Plasma makes up how much of the blood? Thus composed how much of water and plasma protein?
55%; 91% water, 9% plasma protein
plasma proteins comprise of?
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and prothrombin
what is the purpose of albumin?
maintains osmotic pressure
fibrinogen and prothrombin function?
assist with clotting
basic sodium requirements for the body?
500 mg/d
average adult sodium intake
3400 mg/d
maximum sodium intake
1500 mg/d
normal levels for serum sodium
136-144 mEq/L
Name the reasons why potassium is important
neuromuscular control, regulation of the three muscle types, acid base balance, intracellular enzyme reactions, and maintenance of intracellular osmolarity
the normal potassium serum levels
3.5 to 5 mEq/L
the normal magnesium serum levels
1.5-2 mEq/L
the normal calcium serum levels
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
the normal phosphate serum levels
2.3-4.7 mg/dL
the normal chloride serum levels
98-108 mEq/L
