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EMT-P (PAR 205-PREP) > CH. 7 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

CH. 7 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

A

abdomen

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2
Q

motion of a limb away from the midline

A

abduction

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3
Q

the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

A

acetabulum

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4
Q

an excitatory neurotransmitter used in the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

the enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by the decomposition of acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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6
Q

a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ons in a water solution

A

acid

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7
Q

a pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of acids in the body

A

acidosis

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8
Q

an injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula

A

acromioclavicular separation (AC separation)

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9
Q

the tip of the shoulder and site of attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles

A

acromion process

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10
Q

an electrochemical event where stimulation of a nearby cell could cause excitation of another cell

A

action potentials

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11
Q

The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in woman.

A

Adam’s Apple

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12
Q

the temporary or permanent reduction of sensitivity to a particular stimulus

A

adaptation

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13
Q

immunity; it targets specific pathogens and acts more slowly than innate defenses

A

adaptive (specific) defense

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14
Q

motion of limb toward the midline

A

adduction

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15
Q

the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

A

ATP

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16
Q

fat tissue that lies beneath the skin, between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyes, in certain abdominal membranes, on the heart’s surface, and around certain joints

A

adipose tissue

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17
Q

the outer layer of adrenal gland; it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance in the body

A

adrenal cortex

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18
Q

endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal glands

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19
Q

hormone produced by the adrenal gland that mediates the fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system; also called epinephrine

A

adrenaline

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20
Q

hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aka glucocorticoid

A

adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

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21
Q

metabolism that can occur only in the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

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22
Q

the final branches of the interlobular arteries of the kidneys; they lead to the nephrons

A

afferent arterioles

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23
Q

the perception of a stimuli is still present after the stimuli is removed

A

after image

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24
Q

the pressure in the aorta agains which the left ventricle must pump blood

A

afterload

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25
Q

slow, gasping respirations, indicating life-threatening cerebral or ischemia

A

agonal gasps

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26
Q

a substance that mimics the actions of a specific NT or hormone by binding to the specific receptor of the naturally occurring substance

A

agonists

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27
Q

leukocytes that lack granules

A

agranulocytes

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28
Q

the smallest of plasma proteins; they make up around 60% of these proteins by weight

A

albumins

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29
Q

a pathologic condition resulting form the accumulation of bases in the body

A

alkalosis

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30
Q

variant forms of a gene, which can be identical or slightly different in DNA sequence

A

alleles

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31
Q

a substance that causes an allergic reaction; also referred to as an antigen

A

allergen

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32
Q

cells located in the islets of langerhans that secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

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33
Q

stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction

A

alpha effects

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34
Q

ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli

A

alveolar ducts

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35
Q

the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

A

alveoli

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36
Q

the very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessels occurs

A

alveolocapillary membrane

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37
Q

lazy eye

A

amblyopia

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38
Q

the synthesis of large molecules form smaller ones

A

anabolism

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39
Q

the metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen, the principle product is lactic acid

A

anaerobic metabolism

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40
Q

the position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side with the palms of the hands forward

A

anatomic positon

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41
Q

the study of the structure of an organism and its parts

A

anatomy

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42
Q

male sex hormones mostly produced by the testicular interstitial cells

A

androgens

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43
Q

ions with a negative charge

A

anions

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44
Q

a molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical to bind to its receptor preventing a biologic response

A

antagonist

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45
Q

the front surface of the body; the side facing forward in the anatomic position

A

anterior

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46
Q

aqueous chamber filled with aqueous humor

A

anterior cavity

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47
Q

proteins within the plasma that react with antigens

A

antibodies

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48
Q

substances or molecules that cause a response of the immune system

A

antigens

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49
Q

the principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

A

aorta

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50
Q

the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that give rise to the right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

A

aortic arch

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51
Q

the semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

A

aortic valve

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52
Q

the pointed extremity of a conical structure

A

apex (plural apices)

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53
Q

a portion of the pons that assists in creating longer, slower respirations

A

apneustic center

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54
Q

the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

A

appendicular skeleton

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55
Q

a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

A

appendix

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56
Q

watery fluid filling the anterior eye cavity; the quantity determines the intraocular pressure, critical to sight

A

aqueous humor

57
Q

the middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and the spinal cord.

A

arachnoid

58
Q

the type of tissue that binds skin to underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles

A

areolar tissue

59
Q

the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

60
Q

the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

A

arterioles

61
Q

the first of three options of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two arteries, the right and left main coronary arteries

A

ascending aorta

62
Q

condition where parts of the image are out of focus and others are in focus; caused by irregularities in the shape of the eye lens

A

astigmatism

63
Q

neuroglia found usually between neurons and blood vessels

A

astrocytes

64
Q

the location where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyle

A

atlanto-occipital joint

65
Q

the first cervical vertebra (C1) which provides support the head

A

atlas

66
Q

a whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of the atom

A

atomic number

67
Q

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A

atomic weight

68
Q

the smallest complete units of an element that have the element’s properties; they vary in size, weight, and interaction with other atoms

A

atoms

69
Q

the site located in the AV junction that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

70
Q

the mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

71
Q

one of the two upper chambers of the heart

A

atrium

72
Q

the bones that function in hearing and are located deep within cavities of the temporal bone

A

auditory ossicles

73
Q

the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, like digestion and sweating, not controlled voluntarily

A

autonomic nervous system

74
Q

the chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex

A

autosomes

75
Q

lacking blood vessels

A

avascular

76
Q

the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

A

axial skeleton

77
Q

the vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavian vein

A

axillary vein

78
Q

the second cervical vertebra; the point that allows the head to turn

A

atlas

79
Q

extensions from the neurons that send out electrochemical messages

A

axons

80
Q

lymphocytes that exist in the blood, and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

81
Q

receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis

A

baroreceptors

82
Q

the rate at which nutrients are consumed in the body

A

basal metabolic rate

83
Q

a substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions

A

base

84
Q

anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue

A

basement membrane

85
Q

one of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein

A

basilic vein

86
Q

white blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response

A

basophils

87
Q

cells located in the islets of langerhans that secrete insulin

A

beta cells

88
Q

stimulation of beta receptors that result in inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states

A

beta effects

89
Q

In anatomy, a body part that appears on both sides of the midline

A

bilateral

90
Q

the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine

A

bile ducts

91
Q

a waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

A

bilirubin

92
Q

the merging of two images into into one

A

binocular vision

93
Q

the fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, like RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets

A

blood

94
Q

the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls or the arteries as it passes through them

A

blood pressure

95
Q

the most rigid type of connective tissue with high mineral content that makes it harder than the other types

A

bone

96
Q

a substance that manufactures most red blood cells

A

bone marrow

97
Q

the collection of hollows in the bone of the inner ear that provide protection to the structures of the inner ear from the damage and from extraneous stimulation

A

bony labyrinth

98
Q

the major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm

A

brachial artery

99
Q

the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judegment

A

brain

100
Q

the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls the functions necessary for life such as respiration

A

brainstem

101
Q

fine subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveolar ducts

A

bronchioles

102
Q

constriction of the airway passages of the lungs that accompanies muscle spasms

A

bronchospasm

103
Q

an abnormal whooshing-like sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a blood vessel

A

bruit

104
Q

any substance that can reversibly bind H+

A

buffer

105
Q

fast acting defenses for acid base changes, providing almost immediate protection against changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of extracellular fluid

A

buffer system

106
Q

cowper’s glands; lies inferior to the prostate gland and secrete a lubricating substance in preparation of sex

A

bulbourethal gland

107
Q

part of the conduction system of the heart; a continuation of the AV node

A

bundle of His

108
Q

a small fluid filled sac located between a tendon and a bone that cushions and protects the joint

A

bursa

109
Q

the heel bone

A

calcaneus

110
Q

a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is important in the regulation of calcium levels in the body

A

calcitonin

111
Q

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree celsius

A

calorie

112
Q

a type of bone that consists of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae

A

cancellous bone

113
Q

the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit the transfer of oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood

A

capillaries

114
Q

substances like sugars and starches that provide much of the energy required by the body’s cells, as well as helping to build cell structures

A

carbohydrates

115
Q

the repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends just prior to the beginning of the next contraction

A

cardiac cycle

116
Q

a special striated muscle of the myocardium, containing dark intercalated disks at the junctions of abutting fibers

A

cardiac muscle tone

117
Q

the volume of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute

A

cardiac output

118
Q

the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

A

carotid artery

119
Q

the point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries

A

carotid bifurcation

120
Q

the joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint

A

carpometacarpal joint

121
Q

the support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between the bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear

A

cartilage

122
Q

those connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage such as the joints that separate the vertebrae

A

cartilaginous joints

123
Q

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

A

catabolism

124
Q

clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membrane

A

cataract

125
Q

hormones produced by the adrenal medulla like epi and norepi that assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart and respiratory rates and the blood pressure

A

catecholamines

126
Q

ions with a positive charge

A

cation

127
Q

the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

A

cecum

128
Q

the cell wall

A

the cell membrane

129
Q

cell mediated immunity; it occurs when the T cells attach to foreign, antigen bearing cells such as bacterial cells and interact with direct cell to cell contact

A

cellular immune response

130
Q

process within a cell where nutrients can be broken down from complex to simpler forms or complex forms that can be built form those building blocks

A

cellular metabolism

131
Q

a biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP

A

cellular respiration

132
Q

the brain and the spinal cord

A

the central nervous system

133
Q

one of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein

A

cephalic vein

134
Q

one of the three major subdivision of the brain and sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain and fine body movements

A

cerebellum

135
Q

fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

A

CSF

136
Q

the largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called gray matter; made of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality

A

cerebrum

137
Q

the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

A

cervical spine

138
Q

the lower one third or neck of the uterus

A

cervix

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