CH. 7 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
abdomen
motion of a limb away from the midline
abduction
the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
acetabulum
an excitatory neurotransmitter used in the peripheral and central nervous systems
acetylcholine
the enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by the decomposition of acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ons in a water solution
acid
a pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of acids in the body
acidosis
an injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula
acromioclavicular separation (AC separation)
the tip of the shoulder and site of attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles
acromion process
an electrochemical event where stimulation of a nearby cell could cause excitation of another cell
action potentials
The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in woman.
Adam’s Apple
the temporary or permanent reduction of sensitivity to a particular stimulus
adaptation
immunity; it targets specific pathogens and acts more slowly than innate defenses
adaptive (specific) defense
motion of limb toward the midline
adduction
the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
ATP
fat tissue that lies beneath the skin, between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyes, in certain abdominal membranes, on the heart’s surface, and around certain joints
adipose tissue
the outer layer of adrenal gland; it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance in the body
adrenal cortex
endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal glands
hormone produced by the adrenal gland that mediates the fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system; also called epinephrine
adrenaline
hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aka glucocorticoid
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
metabolism that can occur only in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
the final branches of the interlobular arteries of the kidneys; they lead to the nephrons
afferent arterioles
the perception of a stimuli is still present after the stimuli is removed
after image
the pressure in the aorta agains which the left ventricle must pump blood
afterload
slow, gasping respirations, indicating life-threatening cerebral or ischemia
agonal gasps
a substance that mimics the actions of a specific NT or hormone by binding to the specific receptor of the naturally occurring substance
agonists
leukocytes that lack granules
agranulocytes
the smallest of plasma proteins; they make up around 60% of these proteins by weight
albumins
a pathologic condition resulting form the accumulation of bases in the body
alkalosis
variant forms of a gene, which can be identical or slightly different in DNA sequence
alleles
a substance that causes an allergic reaction; also referred to as an antigen
allergen
cells located in the islets of langerhans that secrete glucagon
alpha cells
stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction
alpha effects
ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli
alveolar ducts
the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
alveoli
the very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessels occurs
alveolocapillary membrane
lazy eye
amblyopia
the synthesis of large molecules form smaller ones
anabolism
the metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen, the principle product is lactic acid
anaerobic metabolism
the position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side with the palms of the hands forward
anatomic positon
the study of the structure of an organism and its parts
anatomy
male sex hormones mostly produced by the testicular interstitial cells
androgens
ions with a negative charge
anions
a molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical to bind to its receptor preventing a biologic response
antagonist
the front surface of the body; the side facing forward in the anatomic position
anterior
aqueous chamber filled with aqueous humor
anterior cavity
proteins within the plasma that react with antigens
antibodies
substances or molecules that cause a response of the immune system
antigens
the principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
aorta
the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that give rise to the right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
aortic arch
the semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
aortic valve
the pointed extremity of a conical structure
apex (plural apices)
a portion of the pons that assists in creating longer, slower respirations
apneustic center
the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
appendicular skeleton
a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
appendix
watery fluid filling the anterior eye cavity; the quantity determines the intraocular pressure, critical to sight
aqueous humor
the middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and the spinal cord.
arachnoid
the type of tissue that binds skin to underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles
areolar tissue
the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
arterioles
the first of three options of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two arteries, the right and left main coronary arteries
ascending aorta
condition where parts of the image are out of focus and others are in focus; caused by irregularities in the shape of the eye lens
astigmatism
neuroglia found usually between neurons and blood vessels
astrocytes
the location where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyle
atlanto-occipital joint
the first cervical vertebra (C1) which provides support the head
atlas
a whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of the atom
atomic number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
the smallest complete units of an element that have the element’s properties; they vary in size, weight, and interaction with other atoms
atoms
the site located in the AV junction that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction
atrioventricular (AV) node
the mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular valves
one of the two upper chambers of the heart
atrium
the bones that function in hearing and are located deep within cavities of the temporal bone
auditory ossicles
the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, like digestion and sweating, not controlled voluntarily
autonomic nervous system
the chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex
autosomes
lacking blood vessels
avascular
the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
axial skeleton
the vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavian vein
axillary vein
the second cervical vertebra; the point that allows the head to turn
atlas
extensions from the neurons that send out electrochemical messages
axons
lymphocytes that exist in the blood, and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen
B lymphocytes (B cells)
receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis
baroreceptors
the rate at which nutrients are consumed in the body
basal metabolic rate
a substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions
base
anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue
basement membrane
one of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein
basilic vein
white blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response
basophils
cells located in the islets of langerhans that secrete insulin
beta cells
stimulation of beta receptors that result in inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states
beta effects
In anatomy, a body part that appears on both sides of the midline
bilateral
the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
bile ducts
a waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver
bilirubin
the merging of two images into into one
binocular vision
the fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, like RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets
blood
the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls or the arteries as it passes through them
blood pressure
the most rigid type of connective tissue with high mineral content that makes it harder than the other types
bone
a substance that manufactures most red blood cells
bone marrow
the collection of hollows in the bone of the inner ear that provide protection to the structures of the inner ear from the damage and from extraneous stimulation
bony labyrinth
the major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm
brachial artery
the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judegment
brain
the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls the functions necessary for life such as respiration
brainstem
fine subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveolar ducts
bronchioles
constriction of the airway passages of the lungs that accompanies muscle spasms
bronchospasm
an abnormal whooshing-like sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a blood vessel
bruit
any substance that can reversibly bind H+
buffer
fast acting defenses for acid base changes, providing almost immediate protection against changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of extracellular fluid
buffer system
cowper’s glands; lies inferior to the prostate gland and secrete a lubricating substance in preparation of sex
bulbourethal gland
part of the conduction system of the heart; a continuation of the AV node
bundle of His
a small fluid filled sac located between a tendon and a bone that cushions and protects the joint
bursa
the heel bone
calcaneus
a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is important in the regulation of calcium levels in the body
calcitonin
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree celsius
calorie
a type of bone that consists of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae
cancellous bone
the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit the transfer of oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
capillaries
substances like sugars and starches that provide much of the energy required by the body’s cells, as well as helping to build cell structures
carbohydrates
the repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends just prior to the beginning of the next contraction
cardiac cycle
a special striated muscle of the myocardium, containing dark intercalated disks at the junctions of abutting fibers
cardiac muscle tone
the volume of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute
cardiac output
the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
carotid artery
the point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries
carotid bifurcation
the joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint
carpometacarpal joint
the support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between the bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
cartilage
those connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage such as the joints that separate the vertebrae
cartilaginous joints
the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
catabolism
clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membrane
cataract
hormones produced by the adrenal medulla like epi and norepi that assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart and respiratory rates and the blood pressure
catecholamines
ions with a positive charge
cation
the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
cecum
the cell wall
the cell membrane
cell mediated immunity; it occurs when the T cells attach to foreign, antigen bearing cells such as bacterial cells and interact with direct cell to cell contact
cellular immune response
process within a cell where nutrients can be broken down from complex to simpler forms or complex forms that can be built form those building blocks
cellular metabolism
a biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP
cellular respiration
the brain and the spinal cord
the central nervous system
one of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein
cephalic vein
one of the three major subdivision of the brain and sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain and fine body movements
cerebellum
fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
CSF
the largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called gray matter; made of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality
cerebrum
the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
cervical spine
the lower one third or neck of the uterus
cervix
