Ch. 8 Nervous System Flashcards
Identify the functions of the Nervous System. (3)
Controlling muscles and glands,
Receiving sensory input,
Integrating information,
The 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the ____ nervous systems.
Central (CNS)
Peripheral (PNS)
Select all of the cell types that are components of the nervous system.
Glial cells
Neurons
A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a _____.
Neuron
There are several types of non-neuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ______ (one word).
Glial
The nervous system directly controls ______.
Muscles and glands
The specific cells that are responsible for producing myelin in the PNS are the ____ cells.
Schwann
Central and peripheral are two major divisions of the ____.
Nervous system
Two basic types of ion channels are ____ and ____.
Leak & gated
The structural unit of the nervous system that consist of a cell body dendrites, and an axon is the ___.
Neuron
A junction were the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron is called a _____.
Synapse
Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of _____ cells.
Neuroglia
The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheath in the PNS are ____.
Schwann cells
A cluster of neuron cells in the CNS is referred to as a ______ and a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is referred to as a _____.
Nuclei, ganglia
By definition, _____ occurs when multiple stimuli combine their effects on his cell to produce a response.
Summation
A synapse can be a junction between the ____ of one neuron and a muscle or gland.
Axon
The two components of the central nervous system are the ____ and the ____.
Brain
Spinal cord
Cells that support PNS and CNS but do not conduct nerve potentials are called ____.
Glia
The spinal cord extends inferiorly to the level of the _____.
Second lumbar vertebrae
_______ is when multiple local potentials combine their effect on a cell to produce a produce.
Summation
Reflexes are ____ reactions in response to a stimulus.
Involunt
Spinal nerves contain ____ axons.
Sensory and motor
The brain and spinal cord are the 2 components of the ____.
Central nervous system
The 4 major parts of the brain, or the brain stem, the diencephalon, the ______ , and the _____.
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ____ cells.
Neuroglia
The brainstem connect the spinal cords to the remainder of the brain. What 3 parts does it consist of?
The medulla oblongata, the pons and the midbrain
The spinal cord BEGINS at the level of this bony landmark with the occipital bone:
Foramen magnum
An involuntary response to stimulus is called a _____.
Reflex
Spinal nerves are formed from ____.
dorsal and ventral roots
What do the cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to?
brainstem
The diencephalon is _____ to the corpus callosum.
inferior
The region of the brain that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is the _____.
brainstem
The ____ accounts for the largest portion of the brain.
Cerebrum
Where does the spinal cord begin?
base of the skull
The type of pathways that transmit information through the spinal cord or brain stem from the periphery to the brain is ____.
ascending
Reflexes allow a person to react _____ quickly than is possible if conscious thought is involved.
more
What areas of the cerebrum function to receive input from receptors producing sensations?
Sensory
Which area of the brain is responsible for maintaining the body’s posture in balance?
Motor areas
The area of the brain called the _____ is located between the brain stem and cerebrum.
diencephalon
The primary motor area is found in the ____ lobe.
Frontal
A descending tract is a ______.
pathway that directly or indirectly affect’s activities of lower motor neurons.
Ascending spinal pathway transmit _____ information via action potentials.
Sensory/sensation
The function of ______ areas of the cerebrum is to interpret impulses from sensory receptors.
sensory/association
The ______ plays a role in organizing and coordinating motor movements and posture.
basal nuclei
Identify the roles of the motor areas of the brain and spinal cord:
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Moving head limbs and trunk
Maintaining posture
The area of the brain that is chiefly responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone and coordinating fine motor skills is the _____.
cerebellum
A _____ tract is a pathway of axons, carrying information about movement from the higher brain areas to the brain stem or spinal cord.
Motor/descending/corticospinal
The type of pathways that transmit information through the spinal cord or brain stem from the periphery to the brain is _____.
Ascending
Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to the ______ cerebral hemisphere.
right
True or false: Basal nuclei play a role in the coordination of motor movements and posture.
True
The _____ areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for movement, communication and reflexes.
motor
True or false: The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone, and coordinating fine motor skills.
True
In most persons, the _____ hemisphere is dominant for language related functions.
Left
The _____ cerebral hemisphere has control over the muscles in the right half of the body.
Left
The _____ plays a roll in organizing, coordinating motor movements and posture.
Basal nuclei
True or false: A brainwave is a recording of electrical changes in the brain.
True
The storage of memory can be divided into three stages: ______, short term, and long-term.
Working
The group of structures within the brain that are important and emotions and memories called the _____ system.
limbic
Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to the _____ cerebral hemisphere.
right
EEG patterns that are wavelike patterns are known as ____.
Brainwaves
True or false: The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone and coordinating fine motor skills.
TRUE
How many meningeal layers cover the brain and spinal cord?
3
The group of structures in the brain involved with emotions and memory is the _____.
limbic system
The cavities in the brain that store cerebrospinal fluid are the ____.
ventricles
A brain wave is a measure of the _____ activity in the cells of the brain.
Electrical
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ____ and is reabsorbed within the ____.
Ventricle; meninges
The three layers of the meninges:
Pia mater
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Cranial nerves are designated by ____ numerals.
Roman
Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called _____.
Ventricles
The autonomic nervous system innervates _____, and the somatic nervous system innervates _____.
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Skeletal muscle
The cells bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers are located in the ____.
Thoracic region of the spinal cord
Lumbar region of the spinal cord
Which of the following describes the relationship between the meninges, the ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid?
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ventricles and is reabsorbed within the meninges.
Identify all the locations for the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division.
Vagus nerve
S2-S4
Gloss pharyngeal never
Facial nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Skeletal muscle is innervated by the ____ nervous system.
somatic
The neurons of the parasympathetic division that secrete acetylcholine are_____.
Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
The phrase “rest and digest”is associated with the ____ nervous system.
Parasympathetic
The spinal cord between the first thoracic and second lumbar regions is the location of the cell bodies of _____ preganglionic fibers.
Sympathetic
The enteric nervous system (ENS) connects to the _____.
Digestive tract
The nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system are located in the walls of the _____
tract.
Digestive
