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BIO 163 > Ch. 8 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Identify the functions of the Nervous System. (3)

A

Controlling muscles and glands,
Receiving sensory input,
Integrating information,

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2
Q

The 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the ____ nervous systems.

A

Central (CNS)
Peripheral (PNS)

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3
Q

Select all of the cell types that are components of the nervous system.

A

Glial cells
Neurons

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4
Q

A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a _____.

A

Neuron

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5
Q

There are several types of non-neuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ______ (one word).

A

Glial

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6
Q

The nervous system directly controls ______.

A

Muscles and glands

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7
Q

The specific cells that are responsible for producing myelin in the PNS are the ____ cells.

A

Schwann

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8
Q

Central and peripheral are two major divisions of the ____.

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

Two basic types of ion channels are ____ and ____.

A

Leak & gated

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10
Q

The structural unit of the nervous system that consist of a cell body dendrites, and an axon is the ___.

A

Neuron

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11
Q

A junction were the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron is called a _____.

A

Synapse

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12
Q

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of _____ cells.

A

Neuroglia

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13
Q

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheath in the PNS are ____.

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

A cluster of neuron cells in the CNS is referred to as a ______ and a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is referred to as a _____.

A

Nuclei, ganglia

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15
Q

By definition, _____ occurs when multiple stimuli combine their effects on his cell to produce a response.

A

Summation

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16
Q

A synapse can be a junction between the ____ of one neuron and a muscle or gland.

A

Axon

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17
Q

The two components of the central nervous system are the ____ and the ____.

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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18
Q

Cells that support PNS and CNS but do not conduct nerve potentials are called ____.

A

Glia

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19
Q

The spinal cord extends inferiorly to the level of the _____.

A

Second lumbar vertebrae

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20
Q

_______ is when multiple local potentials combine their effect on a cell to produce a produce.

A

Summation

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21
Q

Reflexes are ____ reactions in response to a stimulus.

A

Involunt

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22
Q

Spinal nerves contain ____ axons.

A

Sensory and motor

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23
Q

The brain and spinal cord are the 2 components of the ____.

A

Central nervous system

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24
Q

The 4 major parts of the brain, or the brain stem, the diencephalon, the ______ , and the _____.

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum

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25
Q

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ____ cells.

A

Neuroglia

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26
Q

The brainstem connect the spinal cords to the remainder of the brain. What 3 parts does it consist of?

A

The medulla oblongata, the pons and the midbrain

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27
Q

The spinal cord BEGINS at the level of this bony landmark with the occipital bone:

A

Foramen magnum

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28
Q

An involuntary response to stimulus is called a _____.

A

Reflex

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29
Q

Spinal nerves are formed from ____.

A

dorsal and ventral roots

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30
Q

What do the cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

A

brainstem

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31
Q

The diencephalon is _____ to the corpus callosum.

A

inferior

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32
Q

The region of the brain that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is the _____.

A

brainstem

33
Q

The ____ accounts for the largest portion of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

34
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

base of the skull

35
Q

The type of pathways that transmit information through the spinal cord or brain stem from the periphery to the brain is ____.

A

ascending

36
Q

Reflexes allow a person to react _____ quickly than is possible if conscious thought is involved.

A

more

37
Q

What areas of the cerebrum function to receive input from receptors producing sensations?

A

Sensory

38
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for maintaining the body’s posture in balance?

A

Motor areas

39
Q

The area of the brain called the _____ is located between the brain stem and cerebrum.

A

diencephalon

40
Q

The primary motor area is found in the ____ lobe.

A

Frontal

41
Q

A descending tract is a ______.

A

pathway that directly or indirectly affect’s activities of lower motor neurons.

42
Q

Ascending spinal pathway transmit _____ information via action potentials.

A

Sensory/sensation

43
Q

The function of ______ areas of the cerebrum is to interpret impulses from sensory receptors.

A

sensory/association

44
Q

The ______ plays a role in organizing and coordinating motor movements and posture.

A

basal nuclei

45
Q

Identify the roles of the motor areas of the brain and spinal cord:

A

Verbal and nonverbal communication
Moving head limbs and trunk
Maintaining posture

46
Q

The area of the brain that is chiefly responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone and coordinating fine motor skills is the _____.

A

cerebellum

47
Q

A _____ tract is a pathway of axons, carrying information about movement from the higher brain areas to the brain stem or spinal cord.

A

Motor/descending/corticospinal

48
Q

The type of pathways that transmit information through the spinal cord or brain stem from the periphery to the brain is _____.

A

Ascending

49
Q

Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to the ______ cerebral hemisphere.

A

right

50
Q

True or false: Basal nuclei play a role in the coordination of motor movements and posture.

A

True

51
Q

The _____ areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for movement, communication and reflexes.

A

motor

52
Q

True or false: The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone, and coordinating fine motor skills.

A

True

53
Q

In most persons, the _____ hemisphere is dominant for language related functions.

A

Left

54
Q

The _____ cerebral hemisphere has control over the muscles in the right half of the body.

A

Left

55
Q

The _____ plays a roll in organizing, coordinating motor movements and posture.

A

Basal nuclei

56
Q

True or false: A brainwave is a recording of electrical changes in the brain.

A

True

57
Q

The storage of memory can be divided into three stages: ______, short term, and long-term.

A

Working

58
Q

The group of structures within the brain that are important and emotions and memories called the _____ system.

A

limbic

59
Q

Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to the _____ cerebral hemisphere.

A

right

60
Q

EEG patterns that are wavelike patterns are known as ____.

A

Brainwaves

61
Q

True or false: The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone and coordinating fine motor skills.

A

TRUE

62
Q

How many meningeal layers cover the brain and spinal cord?

A

3

63
Q

The group of structures in the brain involved with emotions and memory is the _____.

A

limbic system

64
Q

The cavities in the brain that store cerebrospinal fluid are the ____.

A

ventricles

65
Q

A brain wave is a measure of the _____ activity in the cells of the brain.

A

Electrical

66
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ____ and is reabsorbed within the ____.

A

Ventricle; meninges

67
Q

The three layers of the meninges:

A

Pia mater
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater

68
Q

Cranial nerves are designated by ____ numerals.

A

Roman

69
Q

Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called _____.

A

Ventricles

70
Q

The autonomic nervous system innervates _____, and the somatic nervous system innervates _____.

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Skeletal muscle

71
Q

The cells bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers are located in the ____.

A

Thoracic region of the spinal cord
Lumbar region of the spinal cord

72
Q

Which of the following describes the relationship between the meninges, the ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ventricles and is reabsorbed within the meninges.

73
Q

Identify all the locations for the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division.

A

Vagus nerve
S2-S4
Gloss pharyngeal never
Facial nerve
Oculomotor nerve

74
Q

Skeletal muscle is innervated by the ____ nervous system.

A

somatic

75
Q

The neurons of the parasympathetic division that secrete acetylcholine are_____.

A

Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

76
Q

The phrase “rest and digest”is associated with the ____ nervous system.

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

The spinal cord between the first thoracic and second lumbar regions is the location of the cell bodies of _____ preganglionic fibers.

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

The enteric nervous system (ENS) connects to the _____.

A

Digestive tract

79
Q

The nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system are located in the walls of the _____
tract.

A

Digestive

BIO 163 (5 decks)

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