Ch. 8 Metabolism

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

the totality of an organism’s chemical reaction

Question 2

metabolic pathway

Answer 2

a series of chemical reactions by several enzymes that either build or break a complex molecule

Question 3

catabolic pathways

Answer 3

releases energy by breaking down complex compounds to simpler compounds (ex: cellular respiration)

Question 4

anabolic pathways

Answer 4

consumes energy to make a complex molecule from simpler compounds (ex: synthesis of amino acids)

Question 5

energy

Answer 5

the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (move matter against opposing force)

Question 6

Kinetic Energy

Answer 6

the energy associated with motion of objects

Question 7

heat/thermal energy

Answer 7

kinetic energy able associated with random motion of atoms or molecules

Question 8

potential energy

Answer 8

the energy that matter possess as a result of its location or structure

Question 9

chemical energy

Answer 9

potential energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction

Question 10

thermodynamics

Answer 10

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter (isolated systems are not able to transform energy , open systems can transfer energy to its surroundings)

Question 11

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 11

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but transformed/transferred

Question 12

entropy

Answer 12

a measure of disorder, or randomness created by a loss of usable energy during transformation or transfer

Question 13

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

the principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Question 14

free energy

Answer 14

the portion of biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system (spontaneous=negative free energy, nonspontaneous=positive free energy)

Question 15

exergonic reaction

Answer 15

a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release in free energy (free energy is negative)

Question 16

endergonic reaction

Answer 16

a non spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from surroundings

Question 17

3 types of cell work

Answer 17

chemical work (pushing of endergonic reactions), transport work (pumping substances across membranes), mechanical work

Question 18

energy coupling

Answer 18

in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Question 19

ATP

Answer 19

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that released free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. this energy is used to drive endergonic.

Question 20

ATP contains:

Answer 20

ribose sugar, nitrogen base adenine, and a 3 chain phosphate group

Question 21

phosphorylated

Answer 21

referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group

Question 22

enzyme

Answer 22

macromole serving as a catalyst

Question 23

catalyst

Answer 23

a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 24

activation energy

Answer 24

the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy

Question 25

substrate

Answer 25

what an enzymes works on

Question 26

enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 26

a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate molecule

Question 27

active site

Answer 27

the specific portion of an enzyme that binds to the substrate by mean of multiple weak interactions and forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

Question 28

induced fit

Answer 28

induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so it binds more snugly to the substrate