Ch. 26 Phylogeny

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of a group of related species

Question 2

systematics

Answer 2

a scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and figuring out their evolutionary history

Question 3

Binomial

Answer 3

the two part latinized naming of species, consisting of the genus and the specific epithet

Question 4

Genus

Answer 4

a taxonomic category above species level, designated by the first word of a species two-part scientific name

Question 5

Linnaean system (order of classification

Answer 5

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

Question 6

Taxon

Answer 6

a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

Question 7

phylogenetic tree

Answer 7

a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary tree of two or more taxa from a common ancestor

Question 8

branch points on a tree

Answer 8

the representation on a phylogenetic tree of two or more taxa from a common ancestor

Question 9

sister taxa

Answer 9

groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor

Question 10

rooted

Answer 10

a branch point within the tree that represents the last common ancestor

Question 11

polytomy

Answer 11

a branch point from which more than two descendants groups emerge

Question 12

Homology

Answer 12

similarities due to shared common ancestry

Question 13

analogy

Answer 13

similarities due to convergent evolution (natural selection)

Question 14

molecular systematics

Answer 14

a scientific discipline that wa nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer evolutionary relationships

Question 15

homoplasies

Answer 15

analogous structures

Question 16

cladistic

Answer 16

an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades primarily based on common ancestor

Question 17

clade

Answer 17

a group of a specie that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 18

monophyletic

Answer 18

pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 19

paraphyletic

Answer 19

pertaining to a group of a taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Question 20

polyphyletic

Answer 20

pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors

Question 21

maximum parsimony

Answer 21

a principle that stats that when considering multiple explanations, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

Question 22

maximum likelihood

Answer 22

a principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypothesis, one should take into account the hypothesis that most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Question 23

orthologous genes

Answer 23

homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation

Question 24

paralogous genes

Answer 24

homologous genes that are in the same genome due to gene duplication

Question 25

molecular clock

Answer 25

a method estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change based on observation

Question 26

homology

Answer 26

similarities due to shared common ancestors

Question 27

shared ancestral character

Answer 27

a character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of the clade

Question 28

shared derived character

Answer 28

an evolutionary novelty that is particular to a clade

Question 29

outgroup

Answer 29

a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known have diverged before lineage that contains that group

Question 30

ingroup

Answer 30

a species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine