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BC 3rd > Ch. 8 Masonry and Ordinary Construction > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Masonry and Ordinary Construction Flashcards

1
Q

One drawback to the use of masonry is: _______________________.

A

Laying individual units hand by hand is labor intensive

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2
Q

The hardness of brick is dependent on ___________.

A

The soil used in its composition

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3
Q

Although masonry units are inherently resistant to _____, ______, and _____, deterioration of _______ often occurs over a __________.

A

Weather, fire and insects

  • mortar
  • long period of time
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4
Q

Bricks fired in a kiln:

A

@2,400F

40-150 hrs

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5
Q

Typical brick size is_________.

3 courses of brick plus mortar = _________.

A

3 5/8 in. by 7 5/8 in. by 2 1/2 in.

8 feet

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6
Q

Most common hollow concrete block size ________

A

8 x 8 x 16

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7
Q

3 types of concrete block/CMU’s

A

Hollow block
Solid block
Brick

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8
Q

Most common types of stone: (5)

A 
Granite
Limestone
Sandstone
Slate
Marble
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9
Q

Stone laid in several ways:

A
  • with or without mortar

- used as an exterior veneer attached by supports

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9
Q

Available in many textures and is architecturally popular for both interior PARTITIONS and exterior APPLICATIONS.

A

Glass block

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10
Q

Fired clay tile known as:

A

Structural terra cotta

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11
Q

Lower allowable stresses than those shown are used to take into account the ____________ and to __________.

A
  • The mortar joint

- provide a factor of safety

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12
Q

Masonry units have _______________ strength.

A

No significant tensile

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13
Q

Allowable compressive strength of brick masonry would be:

A

250 psi

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14
Q

Masonry is __________ to fire.

A

Inherently resistive

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15
Q

Mortar also serves to ______________ of the masonry units permitting __________ transmission of the compressive load from unit to unit.
Mortar joints can be the ________________.

A

Cushion the rough surfaces
Uniform transmission

Weakest part of the wall

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16
Q

Mortar is available in ___ types and its compressive strength varies from as low as ______ to as high as ________.

A

5.

75 psi-2,500 psi

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17
Q

Most mortar is produced from a mixture of: (4)

A
  • Portland cement (bonding agent)
  • hydrated lime
  • sand
  • watert
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18
Q

Master streams during a fire can weaken mortar, either ______ or _______.

A
  • from the PRESSURE of the stream

- from the FLUSHING EFFECT of the water

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19
Q

Most commonly encountered LOAD-bearing masonry walls are constructed from: (3)
Non-load bearing: (2)

A

Brick, Concrete block, Combination of brick and block.

Gypsum block, lightweight concrete block.

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20
Q

Nonreinforced masonry walls are USUALLY limited to a maximum height of:

A

AROUND 6 stories

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21
Q

When a building is to be more than __________ tall, the use of steel or concrete structural frame is usually more ECONOMICAL than erecting a nonreinforced masonry bearing wall.

A

Three or four stories

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22
Q

By using reinforced masonry, it is possible to construct load-bearing masonry walls to a height of _____ having a wall thickness of ________.

A

Ten stories or MORE

ONLY 12 inches

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23
Q

Masonry units laid side by side in a HORIZONTAL layer known as ________.

A

Course

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24
Q

Ways to provide/accomplish horizontal bond is:

A
  • header course OR

- corrosion resistant metal ties

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25
Q

Horizontal courses of brick laid on top of each other in a VERTICAL layer known as a ______.

A

Wythe

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26
Q

When used as a supporting wall, thickness of masonry walls varies from a minimum of ________ to _________.

A

6 inches

Several feet

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27
Q

A brick wythe is commonly used in combination with a concrete block wythe. Such a design is referred to as a ________________.

A

Concrete block-brick faced (CBBF)

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28
Q

In the case of a cavity wall, metal ties are important because ________ is usually not practical.

A

Use of a brick header course

still horizontal but you see the ends of the bricks

28
Q

Masonry walls are reinforced to __________ or to __________.

A

Permit a taller building OR

provide lateral stability against HORIZONTAL forces (seismic shock)

28
Q

When bricks are placed end to end, they create a __________ course.
If bricks are placed vertically on end, a _______ course is created.

A

Stretcher

Soldier

29
Q

One means of providing a HORIZONTAL BOND between the wythes is to place a course of ________ with the ends ______. A course of bricks laid in this matter is known as a _______.

A
  • bricks across TWO wythes
  • of the bricks FACING OUT
  • HEADER course
29
Q

Masonry walls can be reinforced by placing _____________ in a cavity between two adjacent wythes of brick wall.
________ can also be placed between the brick wythe and the concrete block wythe in a concrete-block-brick-faced wall.

A 
Vertical steel rods (brick on brick)
Tie rods (CBBF)
29
Q

Reinforcement of masonry walls can include architectural features such as _____, ______, and _____.

A

Buttresses
Flying buttresses
Pilasters

30
Q

Openings in masonry walls:

Openings pose a _____ problem because ________ between individual bricks or blocks provide __________.

A
  • design
  • the mortar joints
  • little TENSILE support
  • lintel, arch or corbelling*
31
Q

Lintels frequently are:

A

Steel beams but can also be:

  • reinforced concrete
  • reinforced masonry
  • wood, not in modern constr. because of shrinkage*
35
Q

Lintel:
If height of the wall above the opening is _____ than the height of the ________ section, it is assumed lintel must support ________.

A
  • shorter
  • triangular
  • the entire weight of masonry above the opening
35
Q

Multistory buildings where large show windows are provided, the weight of TWO OR MORE floors of masonry walls is supported by:

A

Beam and column system at GRADE LEVEL

38
Q

_______ is an extension of masonry or steel wall that projects above the roof. The purpose of a parapet on an exterior wall can be _______________.

A

Parapet

Architectural and functional

39
Q

Artificial parapet made of:

A

EIFF

Exterior Insulation Finishing Foam

40
Q

A parapet may also be required __________ to provide a barrier to the communication of fire between closely spaced buildings. Parapets project from ________ above the roof, usually without lateral support.

A

By a building code

1-3 ft or MORE

41
Q

Parapets collapsed/dislodged/knocked over

A
  • HIGH WIND, because of erosion/deterioration
  • THRUSTS, because of collapse of roof
  • AERIAL ladders extended/retracted, master streams
41
Q

Ordinary construction is also known as __________.

A

Masonry, wood-joisted

p. 54 Exterior Protected

42
Q

Wood-joisted masonry will have concealed combustible voids similar to:

A

Wood frame construction

42
Q

Beam pocket is:

A

“Several inches deep”

metal strap as horizontal tie between masonry and end of beam

43
Q

In ______ and _______, Wood joist/beams rest on masonry wall in an indentation known as ______.

A

Residential, small commercial bldgs

Beam pocket

45
Q

End of joist or beam will be cut _________. This is known as a _______.

A

At a slight angle

Fire cut

46
Q

Interiors of masonry buildings can be: (4)

A

Wood
Masonry columns/interior bldg walls
Cast iron (19th century)
Protected/unprotected steel w/masonry bearing walls
-therefore masonry walls could be fire resistive and non-fire resistive

46
Q

When a beam transmits a large _____ load to a masonry wall, the wall may be increased in thickness at the POINT OF SUPPORT with a ______ to reduce the compressive stresses in the masonry.

A

Vertical

Pilaster

47
Q

Multistory building with Masonry exterior walls with non-combustible protected interior framing members?
Masonry exterior walls with non-combustible unprotected interior framing members?

A
  • Type I-A, I-B or II-B.

- Type II-B

47
Q

Walls constructed with fire-rated concrete masonry units or bricks can have fire-resistance rating of _________.

A

2-4 or MORE

48
Q

Massive masonry wall of _______ will have an INHERENTLY high degree of fire resistance.

A

18 inches or more in thickness

49
Q

Steel tie rods:

  • ______ to joists
  • attached to ____ or ____ on outside
  • presence of tie rods (does/does not) mean bldg undergone repairs
  • bearing plates can be in the shape of _____.
  • _____ occasionally placed for ornamental purposes.
A
  • Parallel
  • bearing plate or structural washers
  • DOES NOT
  • stars
  • Stars
50
Q

Greatest concern for FF’s when tie rods used to _______ rather than where they are part of the ______.
(Possible/not possible) to differentiate between repairs and original construction

A
  • repair a wall, original construction.

- Usually possible (bearing plates)

51
Q

Causes of masonry walls to deteriorate: (3)

A

Erosion of mortar - exposure to elements.
Shifting of foundation.
Wood rot - sagging of interior members

52
Q

Bearing plates used for repairs:
____ with architecture of bldg.
____ positioned on wall.
Show other indications of repair such as _____

A

Less compatible
Not uniformly
Repairs to mortar joints

52
Q

Masonry walls USUALLY collapse as a result of the ____________.
These horizontal forces create __________ at the inner face of the wall that the mortar cannot resist.

A

Collapse of interior wood framing

Tensile forces

53
Q

Collapse zone BC p. 249

A

AT LEAST equal to the height

54
Q

Strongest points in a masonry structure

A

Corners of the building
Other points of intersection
Stairwells or elevator shafts

55
Q

These areas in masonry buildings can still create an exposure problem: (3)

A

Large windows
Unprotected soffits
Cantilivers in a fire-resistive wall

57
Q

Decorative false front in masonry construction:

A false front can create:

A

Fascia

Combustible void

59
Q

_____ is type of masonry construction in which exterior bearing walls are constructed of brick and interior structural framing of solid of laminated wood.

A 
Mill construction
(Commonly known as heavy timber)
61
Q

2 characteristics that distinguish mill construction from Type III masonry construction:

A

Dimensions of wood structural members (larger)

Combustible concealed spaces are not permitted

62
Q

Mill construction floors:

A

3 in. tongue and groove with 1 in. nominal tongue and groove flooring

63
Q

Mill construction roofs:

A

Required to be 2 in. tongue and groove OR

1 1/8 structural panel or planks

64
Q

Mill construction non-bearing partitions and walls:

A

Required to be NOT LESS than:
Two layers of 1 in. matched boards OR
Laminated construction 4 in. thick or 1-hr fire rated construction

65
Q

Many structural components of mill not given fire resistance rating but instead:

A

Minimum dimensions

66
Q

FF must be concerned with: (mill)

A

-integrity of timber connections under fire conditions
AND
-likelihood of collapse of roof and floor decks

67
Q

Connections for mill:

A

Bolts
Special brackets
Bearing of one member directly on another

68
Q

Oldest form of masonry is:

A

Ordinary with masonry bearing walls and interior wood framing

69
Q

Building with masonry exterior can be:

A

Type I
Type II
Or
Type V

70
Q

If masonry begins to _________, one way to stabilize is steel tie rods through masonry walls, parallel to joists.

A

Bulge or lean OUTWARD, to pull AWAY

BC 3rd (9 decks)

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