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BC 3rd > Ch. 7 Wood Construction > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Wood Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Compressive strength of WOOD:

A

325-1700 psi

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2
Q

Allowable tensile strength of WOOD:

A

700 psi

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3
Q

As water leaves wood:

A
  • shrinks in size

- INCREASE in strength

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4
Q

Causes of deterioration in wood bldgs

A

Insects.
Decay.
Shrinkage

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5
Q

Wood varies significantly with: (3)

A
  • species
  • grade
  • direction of load with respect to grain
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6
Q

Most structural lumber has a moisture content of:

A

19% or less

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7
Q

Lengths of squared wood used for construction

A

Lumber

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8
Q

Solid lumber includes _____, _____, and _______. (BLT)

A

Boards - nominal thickness of 2 in. or less.
Dimensional lumber - nominal thickness of 2 to 4 in. or more
-Dimensional lumber lengths = 8-18 feet, in 2 ft increments
-rafters can be supplied in lengths up to 24 ft.
Timber - nominal thickness of 5 in. or more

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9
Q

Actual dimensions of wood are ________ than the nominal dimension.

A

Smaller

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10
Q

Wood disadvantages: (4)

A
  • wood is NEVER dimensionally true
  • conditions can change its size and shape
  • wood does not shrink or swell uniformly
  • can have defects (knots, knotholes, decay, insects, splits, warping)
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11
Q

Glulam.
Individual laminations:

Depths range from _____ and lengths _______.

A

3/4-2 in. Thickness.

3-75 in. Depth, Up to 100 ft. Length

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12
Q

Three types of joints to join laminated members end to end:

A

Butt-easy to produce, CAN’T be used for tensile along the beam.
Scarf-tensile.
Finger-tensile.

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13
Q

Structural Composite Lumber (SCL)
-allow outer fibers as well as inner portions
3 types:

A

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) - outer portion, laminated in parallel, 1 3/4-3 1/2 in. thick.
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) - outerMOST, veneers 2-8 ft, odd-shaped, CURED under pressure, strongest.
Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) - LONG strands (12 in.), steam-pressing, short span.

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14
Q 
Rotary sliced.
Direction of grain at right angles.
Exterior veneers-grain in long dimension.
Individual layers - 1/16-5/16 in.
Panels 1/4-1 1/8 in., 4x8 sheets
A

Plywood

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15
Q

Long-strand like wood particles.
3-5 layers.
Oriented with each layer in same direction.
Stronger/stiffer than wafer/particle board.
Sheathing and subflooring in wood-frame buildings.

A

Oriented strand board

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16
Q

Wood particles bonded with synthetic resins.
Particles from 1 in. to very fine.
Aka flakeboard, chipboard, or shavings board.
Single or multilayer.
Sizes up to 8 x 40 ft.
Not generally used for structural applications
Flooring in manufactured/mobile homes

A

Particleboard

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16
Q

Similar to particleboard but uses wafer-like pieces of wood that are LARGER than those used in particleboard.
Largely replaced by OSB.

A

Waferboard

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17
Q 
Face and back panel such as plywood or OSB bonded to central core material.
Core-paper honeycomb, plastic foam.
Structural insulated panel (SIP).
-core is expanded polystyrene 
Core up to 1 ft. thick
A

Composite or sandwich panels

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18
Q

Grade stamp on back of structural panel that indicates: (2)

A

Intended structural application.

Suitability for exposure to water

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19
Q

Span rating of 32/16 means:

A

ROOF OVER FLOORING.

-roof sheathing on 32 in. apart or as subflooring on joists 16 in. apart

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20
Q

Manufacturing members away from job site permits (2)

A

Greater quality control.

More efficient use of materials

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21
Q

Trusses categorized as (3)

A

Light-frame-2 in. nominal members.
Heavy timber-8-10 in., steel gusset plates with through bolts.
Split-ring trusses-screws/bolts tend to concentrate load application

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22
Q

Verticals webs-plywood, LVL, OSB.
Flanges-LVL or solid lumber.
-frequently used for floor joists
-also used for rafters in framing of roofs

A

Box beams or I-beams

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23
Q

Voids created by _____, _____, and ______ result in many square feet of combustible surface area…

A

Floor, roof and wall cavities

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24
Q

Relative hazard posed by a combustible material such as wood is a function of several variables including: (3)

A

Ignition temperature.
Heat of combustion.
Ratio of surface area to mass.

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25
Q

Pyrolysis begins at a temp somewhere:

A

BELOW 392F.

Generally relates in lowered ignition temp of a material

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26
Q

Initial products of pyrolysis are:

A

Water and carbon DIOXIDE

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27
Q

_______ is the total amount of thermal energy that could be released if the fuel were COMPLETELY burned.

A

Heat of combustion of a fuel.

Measured in Btu’s per pound or kilojoules per gram

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28
Q

Severity of fire and fire growth rate determined by: (3) TRR

A
  • TOTAL amount of fuel available
  • RATE at which fuel is CONSUMED
  • RATE at which energy is RELEASED
29
Q

Two main methods of fire-retardant treatment are:

A
  • pressure impregnation (accelerate formation of charring)

- surface coating (reduce surface burning-flame spread rating)

30
Q

Disadvantages and limitations of of fire-retardant treatment (2)

A

Chemicals that are water-soluble (cannot be used for exterior applications).
Treatment will reduce its strength

31
Q

Surface coating used primarily to:

A

Reduce surface burning of wood

-flame spread rating

32
Q

Fire retardant chemicals that may be used:

A

AABBSZ

  • Ammonium phosphate
  • Ammonium sulfate
  • Boric Acid
  • Borax
  • Sodium dichromate
  • Zinc chloride
33
Q

Most fire-retardant chemicals operate by:

A

Accelerating the formation of CHARRING in the wood when exposed to heat

34
Q

Hygroscopic treatment of wood would:

A

React with moisture and make wood brittle and crumble.

-when used for roof sheathing, unevenness and sagging would occur 3-5 years after installation

35
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber is a wood-like product produced from:

A

Wood fiber and polyethylene or polyvinylchloride

  • flame spread rating of 80.
  • not intended for structural framing.
  • main application = outside decks and railings.
  • manufactured in sizes comparable to sawn lumber.
  • MAIN ADVANTAGE is resistance to weathering
36
Q

Two basic types of wood framing systems:

A

Timber framing.
Light-wood framing.

Other wood construction types.

  • pole construction
  • log construction
  • prefabricated panel construction
37
Q

Smaller wood frame structures, such as _____ and _____, can be constructed WITHOUT ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.

A

Private garages.

Single-family dwellings

38
Q

_____ or ________ require engineering analysis.

A

Large OR

Custom-designed

39
Q

Most wood frame buildings don’t exceed ____ stories

A

3

40
Q

Engineered wood structures can be built ______ stories high.

A

Several

41
Q

Heavy timber framing dimensions for columns and beams

A 
Columns = 8 x 8 inches.
Beams = 6 x 10 inches
42
Q

Heavy timber design, beams and columns are made of _______ and exterior walls are ______ bearing panels, with an exterior siding that may be any of ______

A
  • wooden timbers
  • non-load
  • several materials
  • corrugated sheet metal sometimes*
42
Q

The overall integrity of wood-frame systems is affected by:

A

The METHODS used to join the joists, beams, and columns.

43
Q

Wood-frame.

Engineer must take into account factors unique to the wood (4)

A

Specific gravity of wood.
Shrinkage of wood.
Position of fasteners, such as bolts, relative to the grain.
Relative size of the wood and members and the fasteners

44
Q

Glulam used frequently in heavy timber construction where:

A

Greater lengths are required

act same manner under fire conditions as solid timbers

45
Q

Most popular wood framing is:

A

Light wood-frame construction

46
Q

Light wood:

  • framing:
  • walls formed from vertical members, or studs, that are:
A
  • 2x4s or 2x8s

- 2 x 4s or 2 x 6s, 12, 16 or 24 inches on center

47
Q

Light wood: floors are supported by:

A
  • solid joists
  • truss joists
  • wood I-joists
48
Q
  • Exterior wall studs continuous
  • Second floor supported by ribbon boards
  • advantage of minimizing effects of lumber shrinkage (greater degree in cross-sectional than length)
A

Balloon framing .
“Ribbon holds balloon”
Paper mache balloon doesn’t shrink

49
Q

This type of construction uses shorter, more easily handled lengths of lumber

A

Platform

makes use of more horizontal members in frame

50
Q

The shrinkage in platform framing can produce greater ______ movement at different points, causing cracking of plaster and misalignment of door and window openings.

A

Vertical

51
Q

_____ framing is also know as Western Framing (or western frame construction).

A

Platform

plate at top of studs=inherent fire stop

52
Q

Usual requirement for attic space subdivided is (draft-stopping):

A

Subdivided into areas of 3,000 sq. ft.

53
Q

Draft stops also called:

Dividers hung from ceiling in large open areas that are designed to minimize mushrooming effect of heat and smoke

A
  • curtain boards

- draft curtains

54
Q

Outside of studs to provide structural stability.
OSB, plywood, particle board or exterior gypsum sheathing.
Also called decking or roof decking

A

Sheathing

55
Q

Combustibility of siding affect fire behavior in 2 ways:

A

Exterior communication - through window/door openings

Ignited by exposing fire

56
Q

Brick veneer adds ________ and must be tied to the wood frame at INTERVALS of _______.

A

Little to structural support.

16 inches

57
Q

Difficult to determine brick bearing walls from brick veneer. One frequently used rule in brick bearing wall is:

A

EVERY 6th COURSE is header course (ends of brick facing out).
General rule because:
-masonry bearing walls may use ties
-veneer walls have half-bricks that resemble header course.

58
Q

Two types of Type V construction:

A 
V-A = 1 hr rated, 5/8 in. gypsum board or plaster.
V-B = no interior finish, no rating/resistance
59
Q

Impact-resistant gypsum used:

A

School and correctional facilities

60
Q

Where truss joists used in floor construction, possible for fire to spread in _____ directions, _____ to and _____ to truss joists.

A

4.

Parallel AND perpendicular

61
Q

Ignition-Resistant Construction (Wildland-Urban Interface)

-factors used to evaluate hazard severity in a given location: (4)

A
  • ground slope
  • clear space around property
  • water supply
  • climate
62
Q

Ignition-Resistant construction features (2)

A

Fire-resistant roof coverings.

Exterior walls that is either a) noncombustible or b) 1-hr fire-resistive rating

63
Q

Forces that affect ALL bldgs:

A

Settling.
Erosion.
Weathering.

64
Q

Insulation types

A

Combustible-foam.
Noncombustibles-glass wool, rock wool and fiberglass.
Loose fill-granulated rock wool/cork, mineral wool, glass wool.

65
Q

Deterioration from several causes unique to wood

A

Insects.
Decay.
Shrinkage

66
Q

Bldg components give rise to possibility of fire originating within concealed spaces (5):

A
  • heating ducts
  • electrical wiring
  • plumbing
  • cooking exhausts
  • chimneys
67
Q

Post and beam framing characteristics

A
  • posts 4x4 or 6x6 in.
  • spaced 4-12 ft. apart
  • more labor intensive than light frame
  • must be braced (diagonally or wall panels)
  • wood surface exposed = eliminates combustible voids
67
Q

Fire stopping size vs draft stopping size

A

Fire stop = 2 in. nominal, gypsum, cement fiber, mineral wool, glass fiber (stud walls, stair stringers, behind soffits).
Draft stop = 1 in. nominal or cement fiber board (attic)

68
Q

Overall integrity of wood-frame systems is affected by:

A

The methods used to join the joists, beams, and columns.

BC 3rd (9 decks)

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