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BC 3rd > Ch. 3 Structural Design Features > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Structural Design Features Flashcards

1
Q

Any effect (or force) that a structure must resist

A

Load

gravity, wind, earthquakes or soil pressure

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2
Q

Total weight of building exerts a force on:

A

The soil beneath it

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3
Q

Most critical aspect of engineering design is determining the _________________ to which the structure will be subjected.

A

Type and magnitude of the forces

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4
Q

Forces wind exerts on a building: (3)

A

Direct pressure-IMPACT effect, may be reduced by STREAMLINING
Aerodynamic drag-winds fluid nature to FLOW around object, DRAG effect.
Negative pressure-SUCTION effect on downward side, resulting in OUTWARD pressure

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5
Q

Secondary effects produced from fundamental forces:

A

Rocking effects-back and forth from variations in velocity
Vibration-wind passing over surface (vibration) depending on harmonic characteristics
Clean-off effect-tendency to dislodge objects (canopies/parapets)

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6
Q

Major Earthquakes occur most frequently in parts of the world known as:

A

Fault zones OR

Zones of high probability

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7
Q

Zones of high probability:

A
  • pacific coast of US/Canada
  • Hawaii
  • central Utah
  • southern Illinois
  • bldg codes provide seismic maps*
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8
Q

Vibrational motion produced by earthquakes can be ______.

A

Three dimensional

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9
Q

Shifting of earths surface can produce forces that are either:

A
  • torsional OR

- resonant in nature (movements of large amplitude resulting from small force)

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10
Q

________ are movements of relatively large amplitude resulting from a small force applied at the natural frequency of a structure.

A

Resonant forces

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11
Q

Magnitude of forces in a bldg during earthquake depend on: (5)

A
  • magnitude of vibratory motion
  • type of foundation
  • nature of soil under building
  • stiffness of structure
  • presence of damping mechanisms within bldg
  • no mention of height*
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12
Q

One phenomenon associated with earthquakes is ____________. Occurs where the soil is of loose, sandy nature and saturated with water. Earthquake and particles try to move closer, but water prevents this. Reduction of strength in soil and shifting of foundations.

A

Soil liquefaction

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13
Q

Although movement of ground beneath a building can be three-dimensional, the _______ is the most significant force.

A

Horizontal motion

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14
Q

Tendency of a body to remain in motion or at rest until it is acted upon by force.

A

Inertia

keeps upper portion of building momentarily in initial position

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15
Q

Buildings with ________ are inherently _____ susceptible to damage from earthquakes than buildings with symmetrical design.

A

Geometric irregularities

More

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16
Q

Seismic joint between two sections of a building. The required _____ increases based on the _____ of the building

A

Width

Height

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17
Q

Provided to control vibration.
Operate in manner similar to door closer.
Typically installed at connection between columns/beams.
Absorb energy.

A

Damping mechanism.

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18
Q

2 design methods to protect bldgs against force of earthquakes

A

Use of shear walls or cross-bracing (long vibrational periods)
-symmetrically located (prevent torsional forces)
Use of continuous structures with high degree of redundancy in frames
-more members have to fail

continuity at joints absorb energy better than those free to rotate

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19
Q

2 types of base isolation

A 
Elastomeric bearings
-rubber or neoprene
-change vibrational frequency
Sliding systems (less common)
-plates sliding on each other
-isolate bldg from HORIZONTAL SHEAR force
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20
Q

Forces associated with ____ are difficult to determine accurately and can only be estimated

A

Soils

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21
Q

Soil Pressure-

Magnitude of pressure depends ________, _______, and _______.

A

Type of soil
Degree of cohesion
Moisture content

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22
Q

Soil against foundation

A

ACTIVE soil pressure

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23
Q

Foundation against soil

A

PASSIVE soil pressure

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24
Q

Other forces that may be exerted on building (3)

A

Temperature (members at periphery expand/contract)
Vibration
Shrinkage (wood)

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25
Q

Weight of any permanent part of the building

A

DEAD load-constant and immobile

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26
Q

Any load not fixed or permanent

A

LIVE load-usually contents, occupants and weight of SNOW or RAIN on roof. Wind or seismic.

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27
Q

________load is applied over a large area.

A

Uniformly distributed

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28
Q

_______ load is one that is applied at one point or over a small area. Highly localized loads.

A

Concentrated

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29
Q

Loads that are steady or applied gradually

A

Static loads-dead load of bldg, snow load, many live loads

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30
Q

Loads that involve motion

A 
Dynamic load (aka SHOCK LOADING)-wind, FF's, vibration, falling objects
*capable of delivering ENERGY to a structure IN ADDITION to the weight of the object*
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31
Q

_____ loads have the ability to cause failure after repeated cycles

A

Dynamic

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32
Q

When the support provided by a structural system is EQUAL to the applied loads, a condition known as _________ exists.

A

Equilibrium

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33
Q

Forces that resist the applied loads are known as ______

A

Reactions

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34
Q

Tension = those ______ forces that tend to pull things apart

A

Vertical OR Horizontal

35
Q

Exterior loads create INTERIOR forces. The interior forces _______, _____, and ______.

A

Tension-pull material apart
Compression-squeeze the material
Shear-slide one plane of a material past an adjacent plane

36
Q

Measurement of FORCE INTENSITY and is expressed as force units divided by area over which the force is applied.

A

Stress

37
Q

Failure point of ordinary structural steel

A

36,000 psi

37
Q

Exterior loads can be classified as: (3)

A

Axial
Eccentric
Torsional

38
Q

_______ is a load that is perpendicular to the cross section but does NOT PASS through the center of the cross section.
- This load creates stresses that VARY across the section and may be both tensile AND compressive.

A

Eccentric

39
Q

______ load is OFFSET from the center of the cross section of the structural member and at an ANGLE to or in the same plane as the cross section.
- produces a twisting effect that creates SHEAR stresses.

A

Torsional

40
Q

__________ is a load applied to the CENTER of the cross-section of a structural member and PERPENDICULAR to that cross section.
- can be EITHER tensile or compressive, creating uniform stresses across the cross-section.

A

Axial

41
Q

Larger structural systems can be constructed from several basic components, including some of the following: (BCACTSC)

A 
Beams
Columns
Arches
Cables
Trusses
Space frames
Connectors
42
Q

______ is the structural member that can carry loads perpendicular to its longitudinal dimension.

A

Beam

43
Q

The primary design consideration of beams is their:

A

Ability to resist bending from the APPLIED loads.

44
Q

____________ introduces stresses across the cross-section of a beam that are not uniform.

A

The bending moment = the force multiplied by the distance at which a bending moment is applied.

45
Q

At the middle of the beam, a point known as ________, the tension and compression stresses are actually ZERO.

A

Neutral axis

46
Q

________ are structural members designed to support an axial compressive load.

A

Columns

stresses=primarily compressive, not designed to withstand stresses due to bending

47
Q

Columns

In cases of failure, tall, thin columns fail by _______ and short, squats columns fail by _______.

A

Buckling

Crushing

48
Q

If supports at the ends of the arches shift because of ______ or ______, bending stresses may develop in the arch.

A

Settling soil

Thermal expansion

49
Q

Used to carry loads across a distance and have application as support for roofs and entrances in masonry buildings.

A

Arches

50
Q

Flexible structural members

Used to support loads over a distance will assume the shape of a ____________. Stresses are _______ stresses.

A

Cables
Parabola
Tension

51
Q

________ are framed structural units made up of a group of triangles in ONE plane.

A

Trusses

52
Q

_______ are truss structures that are developed into three dimension.

A

Space frames

53
Q

(Trusses) If loads are applied only at the POINT OF INTERSECTION of the truss members, only _____ or _____ stresses will affect the members of the truss.

If loads are applied to the truss BETWEEN THE INTERSECTION POINTS of the members, which will also create _________.

A

Compressive or Tensile

Bending forces

54
Q

Curved members of a bowstring truss are unavoidably subjected to __________.

A

bending forces

55
Q

Joints of trusses may be formed by ____, _____, ____, _____, or _____.

A
  • pin connections
  • welding
  • gusset plates
  • strap connectors
  • structural adhesives
56
Q

Lightweight wood OR metal trusses, known as _______, have become very common in FLOOR construction, taking the place of solid joists.

A

Truss joists

57
Q

Lightweight wood trusses are also commonly used in _____ construction.

A

Roof

58
Q

Lightweight steel trusses, known as _________, are also used for floor and roof construction in fire-resistive and non-combustible construction.

A

Bar joists

59
Q

______ trusses even lighter than steel bar joists are available, made of ______ or ______, and assembled with ______.

A

Roof
Galvanized steel studs or channels
Self-drilling screws

60
Q

Design of space frames is more complicated than with two-dimensional trusses because:

A

The forces must be ANALYZED in three dimensions

61
Q

Wood truss connectors

A
  • gusset plates
  • metal straps
  • adhesives
  • pins and bolts
  • brackets
62
Q

Members of steel trusses joined using:

A
  • steel gusset plates
  • rivets
  • welds
63
Q

_______ can affect the behavior of trusses under fire conditions.

A

Quality control in the manufacture of trusses

65
Q

Uses the walls of the bldg to support spanning elements such as beams, trusses and precast concrete slab.

A

Bearing wall structures

65
Q

Materials used for bearing walls include:

A
  • concrete masonry units (cmu’s or concrete blocks)
  • bricks
  • stone
  • concrete panels
66
Q

Types of structural frame construction (besides wood):

A
  • steel stud framing
  • post and beam construction
  • rigid frames
  • truss frames
  • slab and column frames
67
Q

Relatively closely spaced vertical studs connected by top and bottom horizontal members with diagonal bracing for stability refers to:

A

Steel Stud Wall Framing

rigid wall panel

68
Q

Uses a series of vertical elements to support horizontal elements that are subject to TRANSVERSE loads

A

Post and Beam

69
Q

Besides wood, masonry for posts, steel and precast for posts and beams
Vertical posts spaced 24 in. apart
Minimum dimensions larger than studs in stud wall
Posts 6 x 8 in. when supporting roofs
Diagonal braces to withstand lateral loads

A

Post and Beam Construction

70
Q

When the joints between columns and a beam are reinforced so bending stresses can be transmitted through the joints, the structural system is known as ________.

A

Rigid Frames

72
Q

The peak of the roof has a hinged connection to allow for slight movement. This type of rigid frame can be constructed of _____, _____, or _____.

A

Steel, laminated wood, or reinforced concrete

72
Q

Rigid Frames

The ________ usually must be reinforced and will be the LAST portion of the assembly to fail under fire conditions.

A

Joints

73
Q

Slab and column frames are most frequently encountered in _____________.

A

Concrete structures

74
Q

Floor slabs supported by columns. Intersection between slab and column is a region of high stress, usually reinforced by a _______ or _______.

A

Capital or drop panel

75
Q

Membrane structure distinguished from a simple tent by:

A

It’s permanence

  • tent = short periods
  • membrane structure = permanent
76
Q

Bldgs that consist primarily of an enclosing surface and in which the STRESSES resulting from the applied loads occur within the SURFACE.

A

Surface system

77
Q

Structure with an enclosing surface of a thin stretched flexible material

A

Membrane structure

78
Q

_________ structures are rigid three-dimensional structures having a thickness that is small compared to other structural material dimensions. They lend themselves to regular geometric shapes such as:

  • cones
  • domes
  • barrel vaults
  • folded plates
A

Shell
Most common concrete
Also plywood or fiberglass

78
Q

Building codes typically address membrane structures with a life of _________ while fire codes address those to be used for __________.

A

BC 180 days or more

FC Less than 180 days

79
Q

Fabric roofs weigh only about __________.

A

2 lbs per square foot

79
Q

Increasing the stiffness of a building reduces its susceptibility to ground motions that have a ________________ period.

When areas where ___________ periods are expected, the use of a flexible

A

Long (meaning slow) vibrational.

Short vibrational.

80
Q

US and Canada, frames are usually _____ and sometimes _____.

A

Steel

Aluminum

81
Q

Fabrics cannot resist ____ forces; therefore cables and masts or tubular or solid frameworks must support the fabrics. Frameworks can be made of ______, _______ or _______.

A

Compressive

Wood, concrete or steel

BC 3rd (9 decks)

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