Ch. 8: Intelligence

Question 1

Analogical representations

Answer 1

Associated with the object or concept they correspond to in some symbolic way (ie. a picture of a violin refers to a violin)

Question 2

Symbolic representations

Answer 2

Representations NOT associated with the object they correspond to in any explicit way

Question 3

Prototype model for conceptualization

Answer 3

Has a “best example” to describe the concept, from which everything else that falls under that concept can be related to.

Question 4

Exemplar model for conceptualization

Answer 4

A concept is defined by the objects that make up it. Posits that there does not exist any single best representation of a concept.

Question 5

Categorization of objects in the brain

Answer 5

Brain imagining studies have found that different categories of objects are represented in different regions of the brain based on our perception of those objects.

Question 6

A script

Answer 6

A schema that directs behavior over time within a situation. Scripts, like other schemas, are still subject to biases and prejudices.

Question 7

Anchoring

Answer 7

Occurs when, in making judgements, people rely on the first piece of information they encounter or on information that comes more quickly to mind

Question 8

Availability heuristic

Answer 8

The general tendency to make a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Question 9

Representative heuristic

Answer 9

tendency to place a person or an object in a category if the person or object is similar to the prototype of that category

Question 10

Base rate

Answer 10

How frequently an event naturally occurs when you aren’t paying attention.

Question 11

Affect-as-information theory

Answer 11

Posits that people use current moods to make judgements and appraisals

Question 12

Somatic marker theory

Answer 12

Posits that most decisions are influenced by bodily reactions called somatic markers. Somatic markers are an emotional reaction (while contemplating something) based partly on your expectation of the outcome of the something you are contemplating.

Question 13

Affective forecasting

Answer 13

Predicting how you will feel about something in the future.

Question 14

Framing of information tendencies

Answer 14

The positive framing of information is much more effective than the negative framing of information in terms of causing a change in behavior.

Question 15

mental sets

Answer 15

Previously established strategies to solving problems that we tend to stick to when solving new problem.

Question 16

morphemes

Answer 16

smallest units of language that have meaning, like adding an “ed” to a word to get the past tense

Question 17

phonemes

Answer 17

basic sounds of speech

Question 18

aphasia

Answer 18

Language disorder that results in difficulties in language and comprehension and production.

Question 19

Wernicke’s area and effects of damage to it

Answer 19

damage to it causes receptive aphasia, where patients to have trouble understanding the meaning of words. Thus, they can speak, but what they say is highly nonsensical.

Question 20

effects of damage to broca’s area

Answer 20

trouble with speech production; patients generally understand what is said to them, and can move their lips and tongues, but cannot form words or put one word together with another to form a phrase.

Question 21

Linguistic relativity theory

Answer 21

Posits that language determines thought. Breaks down because there exists animals and infants capable of complex thought, but they obviously cannot speak. Research does show that language affects how people think about time, space, and quanities.

Question 22

Development of language in babies timeline

Answer 22

From five to seven months, they begin babbling, using consonants and vowels. From seven to eight months, they babble in syllables (ba-ba-ba, dee-dee-dee). By the first year, infants around the world are saying their first words.

Question 23

Telegraphic speech

Answer 23

The use of rudimentary sentences that are missing words and contain grammatical errors but follow a logical syntax and convey meaning.

Question 24

Universal grammar theory

Answer 24

Humans have an innate knowledge of a set of universal and specifically linguistic elements and relationships. Posits that humans are born with a language acquisition device which contains universal grammar, preparing them to learn any language. With exposure to culture, the synaptic connections start to narrow and deepen toward a deep understanding of that cultural context’s dominant language over all other languages.

Question 25

Creole

Answer 25

A language that evolves over time from the mixing of existing languages

Question 26

Phonics approach to teaching language

Answer 26

Traditional method for teaching languages. Teaches association between letters and their phonemes (ie. learn to sound out letters then spell out words by how they sound).

Question 27

Whole language approach to teaching language

Answer 27

Emphasize learning the meaning of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences.

Question 28

Correlations for low g factor

Answer 28

early death from heart disease, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimers, traffic accidents, and drownings. Another study however found that the more education people receive, the longer their life expectancy, independent of IQ level.

Question 29

Sternberg’s theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 29

3 types: analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical is puzzles and the usual definition.

Question 30

Emotional intelligence

Answer 30

Consists of 4 components: managing one’s emotions, using emotions to guide thoughts and actions, recognizing other people’s emotions, and understanding emotional language.

Question 31

genetic influences on fg and cg

Answer 31

about 40% of the variation in cg and 51% of the variation in fg are dependent on genes.