Ch. 2: Research Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure.

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2
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations.

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3
Q

Confound

A

Anything that affects the independent variable and may unintentionally vary between trials of the study.

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4
Q

Participant Observation

A

the researcher is involved in the situation they are observing

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5
Q

Natural Observation

A

The researcher is completely isolated from the observational situation.

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6
Q

Reactivity

A

How much change in behavior might be caused by (for example) the observer being visible vs. not visible in a study.

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7
Q

The Hawthorne Effect

A

How people change their behavior when they know they are being observed.

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8
Q

Observer Bias

A

Bias that results from an observer’s expectations, and since the observer is often writing down their observations as data for whichever study they are conducting, this means that observer bias can affect the results of the study.

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9
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

When the observer expects something, it has ben found to change the results of experiment (not just through a biased recording of the observations, but objectively affect what happens in the experiment).

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10
Q

Repeated Measures Designs

A

Experiments designed such that the people who make up the control group are also the experimental group (they are first one then the other, without a necessary order).

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11
Q

Debriefing

A

Happens after the study, and is where the researcher (must) inform the participant on the purpose of the study, the use for any deceptions (and if any occurred), and otherwise fully inform the participant on the study, including by answering all questions of the participant regarding the study.

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12
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which the effects observed in the experiment are due to the independent variable and not to confounds.

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13
Q

Reliability

A

The stability and consistency of the data as it is measured over time. If the data is reliable, different samples under the same conditions, except that one is taken at a later time than the other, should yield similar results.

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14
Q

Accuracy

A

How error-free the measurement of data in a study is.

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15
Q

Variability

A

A measure of spread of data from mean like a standard deviation or variance (=SD^2)

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