Ch 8-Fluid & electrolytes

Question 1

Lab Value

Urine Specific Gravity

Answer 1

1.005-1.030

Question 2

Lab Value

Serum osmolality

Answer 2

275-295 mOsm/kg

Question 3

Lab Value

BUN

Answer 3

8-21 mg/dL

Question 4

Lab Value

Creatinine

Answer 4

0.5-1.2mg/dL

Question 5

Lab Value

Hemoglobin

M vs F

Answer 5

M: 14-17.3 g/dL
F: 11.7-15.5g/dL

Question 6

Lab Value

Hematocrit

M vs F

Answer 6

M: 42-52%
F: 36-48%

Question 7

Lab Value

Sodium

Answer 7

135-145mEq/L

Question 8

Lab Value

Potassium

Answer 8

3.5-5.3 mEq/L

Question 9

Lab Value

Total Calcium

Answer 9

8.2-10.2 mg/dL

Question 10

Lab Value

Ionized calcium

Answer 10

4.6-5.3 mg/dL

Question 11

Lab Value

Phosphorus

Answer 11

2.5-4.5 mEq/L

Question 12

Lab Value

Magnesium

Answer 12

1.6-2.2 mg/dL

Question 13

Lab Values

Chloride

Answer 13

97-107 mEq/L

Question 14

List of Crystalloid Fluids

Answer 14

• Hypotonic
• Isotonic
• Hypertonic

Question 15

List of Colloid Fluids

Answer 15

• Albumin
• Dextran
• Mannitol

Question 16

Hypotonic solutions

Answer 16

• 0.45% NS
• Water

Question 17

Addison’s disease

Answer 17

Not producing enough aldosterone
(results in inability to retain enough water, retains too much potassium)

Question 18

SIADH

Answer 18

Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone
* too much ADH=retains too much water

Question 19

Cushing’s Disease

Answer 19

• too much cortisol
• increases Na
• decreases K+

Question 20

Causes

Hyponatremia

Answer 20

• Addison’s disease
• SIADH
• Fluid Overload

Question 21

S/S

Hyponatremia

Answer 21

• seizures/stupor
• abd cramps
• lethargic
• tendon reflexes/spasms
• decrease in urine
• orthostatic hypotension

Question 22

Causes

Hypernatremia

Answer 22

• Cushing’s Disease
• Conn’s Syndrome
• Corticosteroids
• Hypertonic solutions
• Not enough water (dehydration, DI, severe burns)
• lithium

Question 23

S/S

Hypernatremia

Answer 23

• fatigue
• restlessness/agitation
• seizure/coma
• extreme thirst
• decrease urine output
• dry membranes

Question 24

Causes

Hypochloremia

Answer 24

• GI related (vomiting)
• diuretics
• burns
• Addison’s
• fluid overload (CHF, SIADH)
• metabolic alkalosis

Question 25

# S/S Hypochloremia

Answer 25

* irritability * hypotension * tetany * shallow respirations * hyperexcited muscles

Question 26

# Causes hyperchloremia

Answer 26

* increased Na or Cl intake (like hypertonic fluids)

Question 27

# S/s hyperchloremia

Answer 27

similar to * fluid volume excess * metabolic acidosis * hypernatremia BUT ALSO * deep rapid respirations * lethargy * tachypnea * elevated BP

Question 28

# Causes Hypokalemia

Answer 28

* loop diuretics * too much insulin (moves K+ into cell) * Cushings * starvation

Question 29

# S/S Hypokalemia

Answer 29

* lethargic * low shallow respirations * lethal dysrhythmias (prolonged PR) * cramps

Question 30

# Causes hyperkalemia

Answer 30

* chronic renal failure * medications * excessive intake of K+ foods * adrenal cortex insufficiency

Question 31

# S/S Hyperkalemia

Answer 31

* fatigue * muscle cramps * palpitations * weakness * bradycardia (in severe) * wide QRS, peaked T waves

Question 32

# Causes hypomagnesemia

Answer 32

* malnutrition * excessive excretion * hypocalcemia/hypokalemia

Question 33

# Causes Hypermagnesemia

Answer 33

* overreplacement of Mg (very uncommon)

Question 34

# S/S Hypermagnesemia

Answer 34

* cardiac * central nervous * respiratory * hematological

Question 35

# Causes Hypocalcemia

Answer 35

* low Vit D * hypoparathyroidism * diarrhea * malnutrition * alcohol abuse

Question 36

# S/S Hypocalcemia

Answer 36

(depends on severity and onset) * chronic is asymptomatic * acute is excitability of muscles and nerves, and cardiac issues *POSITIVE TROUSSEAU AND CHVOSTEK SIGNS

Question 37

# Causes Hypercalcemia

Answer 37

* Malignancy * hyperparathyroidism

Question 38

# S/S Hypercalcemia

Answer 38

(related to severity and onset) * lethargy * muscle weakness * confusion * N/V

Question 39

# Causes Hypophosphatemia

Answer 39

* increased renal excretion * going out of the cell going to urine * diabetic ketoacidosis treatment * burns * refeeding syndrome * alcoholism * antiacid overuse

Question 40

# S/S Hypophosphatemia

Answer 40

* neurological * cardiac * musculoskeletal

Question 41

# Causes Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 41

* Renal Failure * decreased renal excretion of it * DKA * cellular breakdown (rhabdomyolysis)

Question 42

# S/S Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 42

Similar to hypocalcemia! Trousseau and Chvostek signs

Question 43

List of electrolyte pairs

Answer 43

* Ca & phosphorus: opp * Cl & HCO3: opp * Na & Cl: parallel * Na & K+: opp