Ch 8 - Deviance and Social Control

Question 0

collective conscience

Answer 0

the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community

Question 1

deviance

Answer 1

behavior that does that conform to basic cultural norms and expectations

Question 2

labeling theory

Answer 2

the theory that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior and that individuals who are labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their self-identity

Question 3

stigma

Answer 3

the shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially unacceptable or discrediting

Question 4

secondary deviance

Answer 4

deviant behavior that is a response to the negative consequences of labeling

Question 5

medicalization of deviance

Answer 5

the designation of a deviant behavior as an illness that can be treated by medical professionals

Question 6

differential association theory

Answer 6

according to this theory, deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior

Question 7

deviant subculture

Answer 7

a group in which membership is based on a shared commitment to specific nonconformist beliefs or behavior

Question 8

loner deviance

Answer 8

the activities of individuals who commit deviant acts without the social support of other participants

Question 9

strain theory

Answer 9

a theory that emphasizes that the strain or pressure on those who lack the means to achieve culturally defined goals leads them to pursue deviant routes to success

Question 10

over-conformity

Answer 10

following cultural expectations to an excessive degree

Question 11

positive deviance

Answer 11

over-conformity that gets a positive response

Question 12

normalization

Answer 12

a shift in which previously deviant behaviors become accepted as conventional

Question 13

white-collar crime

Answer 13

crime committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupation

Question 14

social control

Answer 14

the incentives and punishments that promote conformity in social life

Question 15

surveillance

Answer 15

monitoring by authorities who police the boundaries of what is normal

Question 16

agents of social control

Answer 16

the authorities and social institutions that enforce norms and rules, attempt to prevent rule violations, and identify and punish rule violators

Question 17

control theory

Answer 17

a theory that suggests that our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection to major social institutions, including family, school, and religion

Question 18

crime

Answer 18

deviant behavior that violates a law

Question 19

crime rates

Answer 19

statistics that measure the incidence of crime in relation to population size

Question 20

decriminalization

Answer 20

the process of making an illegal action legal

Question 21

recidivism

Answer 21

a relapse into criminal behavior

Question 22

capital punishment

Answer 22

the death penalty