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Biology > Ch. 8 Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cells divide (three reasons)?

A
  1. growth of an organism
  2. repairing damage, such as cuts and broken bones
  3. small cells are more efficient than large cells
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2
Q

Why are small cells more efficient?

A

the large surface area to volume ratio allows materials to be transported well throughout the cell

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3
Q

What does every living organism start out as?

A

one cell containing one set of DNA

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4
Q

What must every newly reproduced cell contain?

A

an identical set of the DNA found in the original cell

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5
Q

When must cells divide?

A

when their increase n size has reached a maximum

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6
Q

How is DNA packed between cell divisions?

A

loosely in the nucleus

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7
Q

Why would DNA need to be loose and uncoiled?

A

instructions coded by the sequence of DNA bases can be “read” and used by the cell

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8
Q

What is the uncoiled form of DNA called?

A

chromatin

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9
Q

What happens to the chromatin during cell division?

A

it coils and condenses into chromosomes

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10
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

rod-shaped structures made of DNA wrapped around histone (protein molecules)

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11
Q

What do chromosomes consist of in dividing eukaryotic cells?

A

two identical halves

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12
Q

What is each half called?

A

a chromatid

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13
Q

When do chromatids form?

A

as the DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division

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14
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

identical chromatids attached to each other at the centromere point

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15
Q

What does each species have?

A

a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell

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16
Q

What are human sex chromosomes called?

A

X & Y

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17
Q

What are autosomes?

A

all the other chromosomes in an organism besides the sex ones

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18
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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19
Q

How many of those chromosomes are pairs of autosomes & how many are pairs of sex chromosomes?

A

22 pairs are autosomes, one pair are sex chromosomes

20
Q

How many copies of each autosome does every cell produced by sexual reproduction have? Where does each copy come from?

A

two, one copy came from each parent

21
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

the two copies of each autosome that are the same size, & shape and carry genetic information for the same traits

22
Q

What does a karyotype show?

A

the 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up in order of size and the one pair of sex chromosomes

23
Q

What are diploids (2n)?

A

cells that have two sets (pairs) of chromosomes, all somatic/body cells are 2n

24
Q

What are haploid cells (1n)?

A

cells that have one set of chromosomes es: sex cells (sperm & egg cells)

25
Q

What is cell division in prokaryotes called?

A

binary fission

26
Q

How do prokaryotes divide themselves through binary fission?

A

they copy their circular piece of DNA, form a piece of cell membrane between the two copies, and pinch off to form two cells that have identical DNA

27
Q

What are the two processes of cell division for eukaryotic cells?

A

mitosis and meiosis

28
Q

How do mitosis and meiosis differ?

A

mitosis divides somatic cells, meiosis divides sex cells
mitosis results in 2 cells w/ identical DNA to the original
meiosis results in cells that are not identical to original

29
Q

What type of cells are produced through meiosis?

A

gametes which are haploid reproductive cells genetically different from the original cell

30
Q

What is the cell cycle and it’s two major stages?

A

the repeating life cycle of a cell consisting of two major stages: interphase & cell division

31
Q

When does interphase happen?

A

between cell divisions

32
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

growth G1, DNA replication S, and prep for cell division G2

33
Q

What is cell division divided into?

A

mitosis & cytokinesis

34
Q

What does mitosis divide and what does cytokinesis divide?

A

mitosis - division of nucleus

cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm

35
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

36
Q

What results from mitosis?

A

two offspring cells that are genetically identical to the original cell

37
Q

P : Prophase

A 
cell is preparing to divide
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
centrioles separate
spindle fibers form
nuclear membrane disappears
38
Q

M : Metaphase

A

chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and align in the middle

39
Q

A : Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes

40
Q

T : Telephase

A

two separate nuclei form
chromosomes return to chromatin form
nuclear membrane reappears

41
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the last step of cell division (telephase blends into it)

42
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

a cleavage furrow pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells

43
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

a cell plate separates the dividing cells into two cells

44
Q

How is cell division in eukaryotes controlled?

A

some proteins trigger a cell to leave interphase and begin dividing while other proteins trigger the cell to halt the cycle of division and enter interphase

45
Q

Why does cancer happen when control of cell division is lost?

A

the proteins that control the cell cycle are coded for by DNA, so if a mutation occurs in this coded area, the proteins that triggers a cell to stop dividing may be defective

46
Q

How is cancer caused?

A

by a defect in the cell cycle when cells do not stop dividing and produce tumors

47
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that give rise to the different types of cells that make up the human body

Biology (18 decks)

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