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Biology > Ch. 8 + 9 Mastering Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 8 + 9 Mastering Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual and sexual reproduction differ in what way?

A

Sexual reproduction can produce great variation among offspring.

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2
Q

In bacterial cells, what does binary fission involve?

A

Distribution of a copy of the single parental chromosome to each daughter cell.

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3
Q

During binary fission, each copy of the duplicating chromosome moves to opposite ends of the cell. Why?

A

It ensures that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.

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4
Q

Within one chromosome, what is the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to the other?

A

Sequences are identical.

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5
Q

When does a cell replicate its entire chromosomal DNA?

A

Before it divides.

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6
Q

What is the correct sequence of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase and cytokinesis.

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7
Q

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

A

The mitotic spindle forms.

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8
Q

What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are centered.

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9
Q

What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes separate.

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10
Q

What occurs during telophase and cytokinesis?

A

Nuclear envelopes form.

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11
Q

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

A

The chromosomes must be duplicated.

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12
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up?

A

Prophase.

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13
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase.

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14
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell?

A

Anaphase.

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15
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form?

A

Telophase.

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16
Q

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called what?

A

Cytokinesis.

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17
Q

When is DNA synthesized?

A

In the S phase of interphase.

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18
Q

What is the correct sequence of mitosis in chronological order?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

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19
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes.

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20
Q

What is a feature of plant cell division that distinguishes it from animal cell division?

A

Formation of a cell plate.

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21
Q

What must occur in order for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally?

A

The organism must be able to control the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of its body.

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22
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis.

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23
Q

What are the results of mitosis?

A

Asexual reproduction as well as cell growth and development.

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24
Q

What is asexual reproduction in bacteria called?

A

Binary fission.

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25
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Somatic cells.

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26
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes.

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27
Q

What are gametes used in?

A

Sexual reproduction.

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28
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In gonads.

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29
Q

What is a lump of abnormal cells that, although grows out of control, remains at its original site?

A

Benign tumor.

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30
Q

What is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading throughout the body?

A

Malignant tumor.

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31
Q

What is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body?

A

Metastasis.

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32
Q

An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have what?

A

Cancer.

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33
Q

What is the most common type of cancer that originates in tissues that line organs?

A

Carcinoma.

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34
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are identical in the arrangement of their genes, but some versions of the genes may differ between the chromosomes.

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35
Q

At the conclusion of meiosis I, the daughter cells are what?

A

Haploid and the sister chromatids are joined.

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36
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids are separated.

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37
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

To make four cells with a haploid number of chromosomes.

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38
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles.

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39
Q

What happens during anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles.

40
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I.

41
Q

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that ___ only occurs in meiosis.

A

Crossing over.

42
Q

What is a key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Synapsis occurs in meiosis.

43
Q

What is the outcome of crossing over?

A

Crossing over creates new combinations of genes present on a single chromosome.

44
Q

What is the chromosomal region where the nonsister chromatids cross over?

A

Chiasma (plural: chiasmata).

45
Q

What is the phenomenon called in which homologous chromosomes “stick together” and do not separate properly?

A

Nondisjunction.

46
Q

What does karyotyping reveal?

A

Alterations in chromosome number.

47
Q

If a chromosome fragment breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction, what is the chromosomal abnormality called?

A

Inversion.

48
Q

What is the exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes?

A

Reciprocal translocation.

49
Q

What is genetics the study of?

A

The inheritance of genes.

50
Q

What are genes located on?

A

Chromosomes.

51
Q

Genes come in alternate forms called what?

A

Alleles.

52
Q

When copies of alleles are the same (example: ff) what are they called?

A

Homozygous.

53
Q

When copies of alleles are different (example: Ff) what are they called?

A

Heterozygous.

54
Q

A heterozygous expressed allele is called what?

A

Dominant.

55
Q

A heterozygous unexpressed allele is called what?

A

Recessive.

56
Q

Non-sex-related chromosomes are called what?

A

Autosomes.

57
Q

Sex-related chromosomes are called what?

A

Sex chromosomes.

58
Q

Sex chromosomes have genes that determine what?

A

Sex-linked traits.

59
Q

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for ___ and ___ of the fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.

A

Karyotyping … biochemical testing.

60
Q

Mendel’s view of the mechanism of heredity was radically different from the prevailing view of the time because he saw heredity working through what?

A

Unchanging (immutable), heritable factors that were contributed by each parent and never mixed.

61
Q

What does the blending hypothesis maintain?

A

After a mating, genes of the two parents are mixed in the offspring and lose their individual identities.

62
Q

What is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual?

A

A character.

63
Q

What is one particular variation of a character?

A

A trait.

64
Q

What is a genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character?

A

A monohybrid cross.

65
Q

Most human genes come in alternate versions called what?

A

Alleles.

66
Q

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the ___ allele.

A

Dominant.

67
Q

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ___ allele.

A

Recessive.

68
Q

The physical traits of an organism are called its ___.

A

Phenotype.

69
Q

The ___ is the genetic makeup of an organism.

A

Genotype.

70
Q

Research since Mendel’s time has established that the law of segregation of genes during gamete formation applies to what?

A

All sexually reproducing organisms.

71
Q

Why can a child with cystic fibrosis be born to two parents who do not have the disease?

A

The disease is caused by a recessive allele.

72
Q

When you cross two heterozygotes (Aa), the offspring will most likely be what?

A

In the ratio 1:1 homozygotes to heterozygotes.

73
Q

In an individual of genotype Aa, where are the A and a alleles physically located?

A

One allele is on one chromosome, and the other is in the same position (locus) on the homologous chromosome.

74
Q

Mendel’s principle of independent assortment applies to what?

A

The independent assortment of alleles of one gene relative to the alleles of any other gene.

75
Q

What is a testcross?

A

A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest.

76
Q

Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple’s first-born child will be female and that their second-born child will be male?

A

25%.

77
Q

Human genetic disorders are most often what?

A

Recessive.

78
Q

A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ___ for the trait and ___ to transmit it to offspring.

A

Heterozygous … able.

79
Q

Many genetic disorders can be detected before birth. Procedures include ___, which is noninvasive, or ___, which allows the chromosomes of the fetus to be examined. Alternatively, maternal blood samples can be taken and tested for ___.

A

Ultrasound imaging … chorionic villus sampling … AFP.

80
Q

Snapdragons show incomplete dominance in their flowers. A pink snapdragon is crossed with a red snapdragon. What colors are the offspring?

A

50% red, 50% pink.

81
Q

You mate a finch homozygous for orange beak with a finch homozygous for ivory beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of what?

A

Incomplete dominance.

82
Q

In lentils, CSCS homozygotes have spotted seeds, CDCD homozygotes have dotted seeds, and CSCD heterozygotes have seeds with both spots and dots. What does this indicate?

A

CS and CD are codominant.

83
Q

Two individuals decide to have children. The expected blood group genotypes are 50% of blood type A, and 25% each of blood types AB and B. What genotypes are the parents?

A

IAi and IAIB.

84
Q

What is the expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual?

A

Codominance.

85
Q

A woman with type O blood is expecting a child. Her husband is type A. What is the probability that the child will have type O blood?

A

50%.

86
Q

A single allele that controls more than one character is said to be what?

A

Pleiotropic.

87
Q

Two parents of mixed ethnicity have twins, one of which is born white and one of which is born black. This is because of what?

A

The polygenic nature of skin color genes.

88
Q

The individual features of all organisms are the result of what?

A

Genetics and the environment.

89
Q

Two identical twins are raised in different environments. They possess ___ genotypes and ___ phenotypes.

A

Identical … variable.

90
Q

The chromosome theory of inheritance is based on what set of observations?

A

Genes segregate; chromosomes come in pairs.

91
Q

Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ___ genes and generally ___.

A

Linked … do not sort independently during meiosis.

92
Q

Linked genes generally do not follow what?

A

The laws of independent assortment.

93
Q

Crossing over recombines ___ into assortments of ___ not found in the parents.

A

Linked genes … alleles.

94
Q

What is the mechanism that “breaks” the linkage between linked genes?

A

Crossing over.

95
Q

Any gene located on a sex chromosome is called what?

A

A sex-linked gene.

96
Q

A woman and her male partner have normal color vision. However, her father and her first son are colorblind. What is her genotype?

A

XCXc.

97
Q

Why does hemophilia appear rarely in females?

A

The female must possess the hemophilia gene on both X chromosomes.

Biology (4 decks)

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