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Biology > Ch. 7 Mastering Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Mastering Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation that represents photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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2
Q

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast.

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3
Q

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?

A

An electron transport chain.

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4
Q

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH.

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5
Q

What provides electrons for the light reactions?

A

H2O.

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6
Q

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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7
Q

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH.

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8
Q

The light reactions take place in the ___ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the ___.

A

Thylakoids … stroma.

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9
Q

What is an example of a photoautotroph?

A

Algae in freshwater and marine ecosystems.

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10
Q

What are autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source?

A

Photoautotrophs.

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11
Q

What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells.

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12
Q

What do ATP and NADPH do?

A

Power sugar synthesis during the Calvin cycle.

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13
Q

Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from where?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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14
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to run in order to produce one glucose?

A

Six times.

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15
Q

What is an energy-rich molecule, constructed by the Calvin cycle, that a plant cell can use to make glucose or other organic molecules?

A

G3P.

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16
Q

What is the correct order of the steps of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation, reduction, release of G3P, and regeneration of RuBP.

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17
Q

Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoid membranes.

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18
Q

In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment filled with a thick fluid called what?

A

Stroma.

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19
Q

Chlorophyll is located in ___, which are found in ___, which are concentrated in ___.

A

Thylakoids … chloroplasts … mesophyll.

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20
Q

What molecules are products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and O2.

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21
Q

What molecule is a reactant of photosynthesis?

A

CO2.

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22
Q

Photosynthesis is an ___ process in which carbon is ___, whereas cellular respiration is an ___ process in which carbon is ___.

A

Endergonic … reduced … exergonic … oxidized.

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23
Q

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar?

A

They both involve oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

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24
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis use ___ and produce ___.

A

water … NADPH.

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25
Q

What do the light reactions of photosynthesis include?

A

Reduction of NADP+.

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26
Q

How does the conversion of NADP+ to NADPH occur?

A

With the assistance of electrons from water and energy from sunlight.

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27
Q

What are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

ATP, NADPH, and O2.

28
Q

When does carbon fixation occur?

A

When carbon atoms from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule.

29
Q

What are produced during the Calvin cycle?

A

Glucose, ADP, and NADP+.

30
Q

What colors of light are useful during the process of photosynthesis?

A

Blue, red, and violet.

31
Q

What color contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?

A

Green.

32
Q

Green light is reflected or transmitted by what type of chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll a.

33
Q

What does chlorophyll b do?

A

Passes absorbed energy to chlorophyll a.

34
Q

What is a packet of light energy?

A

A photon.

35
Q

What is the most important role of pigments in photosynthesis?

A

Capture light energy.

36
Q

What is the primary function of light absorption by photosynthesis I and II?

A

To produce free, energized electrons.

37
Q

What happens when chloroplast pigments absorb light?

A

Their electrons become excited.

38
Q

The energy that excites the photosystems is supplied by what?

A

Photons.

39
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in what?

A

NADPH.

40
Q

What do light reactions produce?

A

NADPH, ATP, and oxygen.

41
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

NADP+.

42
Q

What do the electron transport chains of the light reactions do?

A

Shuttle electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I.

43
Q

How does the photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differ from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration?

A

The final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.

44
Q

In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ___ from the ___ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ___.

A

H+ … stroma … H+.

45
Q

In chloroplast, what does ATP synthase do?

A

Phosphorylates ADP to ATP.

46
Q

Mitochondria transfer ___ energy from ___ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ___ energy into the chemical energy of ATP.

A

Chemical … food … light.

47
Q

What is the correct order of the steps of the light reactions?

A

Light excites an electron from photosystem II; electrons pass through an electron transport chain, which generates a H+ gradient used to make ATP; light excites an electron from photosystem I; electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

48
Q

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to what?

A

RuBP.

49
Q

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from what?

A

NADPH.

50
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

A

6.

51
Q

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?

A

3.

52
Q

The input of the Calvin cycle for every product is ___, and the output is ___ used for glucose synthesis.

A

3 CO2 … a three-carbon molecule.

53
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

A

6.

54
Q

In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide provides ___, whereas ATP and NADPH provide ___ and ___, respectively.

A

Carbon … energy … high-energy electrons.

55
Q

The first product of carbon fixation is the three-carbon compound 3-PGA formed in the Calvin cycle, in what kind of plants?

A

C3 plants.

56
Q

What happens when C3 plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to conserve water?

A

O2 builds up in the leaf and is added to RuBP in place of CO2.

57
Q

In photorespiration, what is broken down to CO2, consuming ATP and generating no sugar?

A

A two-carbon product.

58
Q

CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound, which moves into bundle sheath cells and releases CO2 to the Calvin cycle, in what kind of plants?

A

C4 plants.

59
Q

Stomata are open at night, and CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound, which releases CO2 to the Calvin cycle during the day, in what kind of plants?

A

CAM plants.

60
Q

What pertains to C3 plants, C4 plants, and CAM plants?

A

The enzyme rubisco brings CO2 into the Calvin cycle.

61
Q

ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria involves the process called what?

A

Chemiosmosis.

62
Q

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, what pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next in a series of redox reactions?

A

An electron transport chain built into a membrane.

63
Q

In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and what is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen.

64
Q

In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in what?

A

NADPH.

65
Q

In photosynthesis, what drives electrons from a low-energy state in water to a high-energy state?

A

Light energy.

66
Q

In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of an ___ is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

A

H+ concentration gradient.

67
Q

As H+ diffuses back through ___ (an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced.

A

ATP synthase.

Biology (4 decks)

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