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Biology > Ch. 7 Mastering Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Mastering Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation that represents photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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2
Q

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast.

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3
Q

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?

A

An electron transport chain.

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4
Q

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH.

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5
Q

What provides electrons for the light reactions?

A

H2O.

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6
Q

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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7
Q

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH.

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8
Q

The light reactions take place in the ___ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the ___.

A

Thylakoids … stroma.

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9
Q

What is an example of a photoautotroph?

A

Algae in freshwater and marine ecosystems.

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10
Q

What are autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source?

A

Photoautotrophs.

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11
Q

What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells.

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12
Q

What do ATP and NADPH do?

A

Power sugar synthesis during the Calvin cycle.

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13
Q

Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from where?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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14
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to run in order to produce one glucose?

A

Six times.

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15
Q

What is an energy-rich molecule, constructed by the Calvin cycle, that a plant cell can use to make glucose or other organic molecules?

A

G3P.

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16
Q

What is the correct order of the steps of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation, reduction, release of G3P, and regeneration of RuBP.

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17
Q

Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoid membranes.

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18
Q

In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment filled with a thick fluid called what?

A

Stroma.

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19
Q

Chlorophyll is located in ___, which are found in ___, which are concentrated in ___.

A

Thylakoids … chloroplasts … mesophyll.

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20
Q

What molecules are products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and O2.

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21
Q

What molecule is a reactant of photosynthesis?

A

CO2.

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22
Q

Photosynthesis is an ___ process in which carbon is ___, whereas cellular respiration is an ___ process in which carbon is ___.

A

Endergonic … reduced … exergonic … oxidized.

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23
Q

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar?

A

They both involve oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

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24
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis use ___ and produce ___.

A

water … NADPH.

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25
What do the light reactions of photosynthesis include?
Reduction of NADP+.
26
How does the conversion of NADP+ to NADPH occur?
With the assistance of electrons from water and energy from sunlight.
27
What are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP, NADPH, and O2.
28
When does carbon fixation occur?
When carbon atoms from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule.
29
What are produced during the Calvin cycle?
Glucose, ADP, and NADP+.
30
What colors of light are useful during the process of photosynthesis?
Blue, red, and violet.
31
What color contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?
Green.
32
Green light is reflected or transmitted by what type of chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll a.
33
What does chlorophyll b do?
Passes absorbed energy to chlorophyll a.
34
What is a packet of light energy?
A photon.
35
What is the most important role of pigments in photosynthesis?
Capture light energy.
36
What is the primary function of light absorption by photosynthesis I and II?
To produce free, energized electrons.
37
What happens when chloroplast pigments absorb light?
Their electrons become excited.
38
The energy that excites the photosystems is supplied by what?
Photons.
39
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in what?
NADPH.
40
What do light reactions produce?
NADPH, ATP, and oxygen.
41
What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
NADP+.
42
What do the electron transport chains of the light reactions do?
Shuttle electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I.
43
How does the photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differ from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration?
The final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.
44
In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ___ from the ___ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ___.
H+ ... stroma ... H+.
45
In chloroplast, what does ATP synthase do?
Phosphorylates ADP to ATP.
46
Mitochondria transfer ___ energy from ___ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ___ energy into the chemical energy of ATP.
Chemical ... food ... light.
47
What is the correct order of the steps of the light reactions?
Light excites an electron from photosystem II; electrons pass through an electron transport chain, which generates a H+ gradient used to make ATP; light excites an electron from photosystem I; electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
48
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to what?
RuBP.
49
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from what?
NADPH.
50
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
6.
51
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
3.
52
The input of the Calvin cycle for every product is ___, and the output is ___ used for glucose synthesis.
3 CO2 ... a three-carbon molecule.
53
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?
6.
54
In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide provides ___, whereas ATP and NADPH provide ___ and ___, respectively.
Carbon ... energy ... high-energy electrons.
55
The first product of carbon fixation is the three-carbon compound 3-PGA formed in the Calvin cycle, in what kind of plants?
C3 plants.
56
What happens when C3 plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to conserve water?
O2 builds up in the leaf and is added to RuBP in place of CO2.
57
In photorespiration, what is broken down to CO2, consuming ATP and generating no sugar?
A two-carbon product.
58
CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound, which moves into bundle sheath cells and releases CO2 to the Calvin cycle, in what kind of plants?
C4 plants.
59
Stomata are open at night, and CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound, which releases CO2 to the Calvin cycle during the day, in what kind of plants?
CAM plants.
60
What pertains to C3 plants, C4 plants, and CAM plants?
The enzyme rubisco brings CO2 into the Calvin cycle.
61
ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria involves the process called what?
Chemiosmosis.
62
In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, what pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next in a series of redox reactions?
An electron transport chain built into a membrane.
63
In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and what is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen.
64
In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in what?
NADPH.
65
In photosynthesis, what drives electrons from a low-energy state in water to a high-energy state?
Light energy.
66
In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of an ___ is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
H+ concentration gradient.
67
As H+ diffuses back through ___ (an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced.
ATP synthase.

Biology (4 decks)

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