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Biology > Ch. 5 Mastering Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Mastering Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

Stabilization of phospholipids.

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2
Q

What enhances the fluidity of an animal cell plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol molecules.

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3
Q

How are the lipids arranged in a cell membrane?

A

The nonpolar parts of two lipids point toward each other.

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4
Q

Most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by what?

A

Proteins.

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5
Q

Most cellular work is powered by the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another in what process?

A

Phosphorylation.

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6
Q

What is another word for exergonic?

A

Energy-releasing.

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7
Q

What is another word for endergonic?

A

Energy-requiring.

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8
Q

What is the energy shuttle between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

ATP.

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9
Q

What speeds up chemical reactions of the cell?

A

Enzymes.

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10
Q

What mechanism enables precise control over the cell’s chemical reactions?

A

Feedback inhibition.

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11
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The collective chemical reactions in a cell.

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12
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy of a moving object.

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13
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

The potential energy of molecules.

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14
Q

What can easily pass through a membrane’s lipid bilayer?

A

Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids.

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15
Q

What is a type of passive transport that does not require the cell to expend ATP?

A

Diffusion.

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16
Q

What is an ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell?

A

Isotonic.

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17
Q

How will a plant cell be if it is surrounded by an isotonic solution?

A

Flaccid (limp).

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18
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell gains water, swells, and possibly bursts.

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19
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell loses water and plasmolyzes.

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20
Q

What kind of solution has a net diffusion of water outside the animal cell?

A

Hypertonic.

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21
Q

What kind of solution is the ideal osmotic environment for a plant cell?

A

Hypotonic.

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22
Q

What allows diffusion to occur?

A

Presence of transport protein.

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23
Q

What does a transport protein facilitate?

A

The movement of solute across the plasma membrane.

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24
Q

What allows water to cross the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion?

A

Aquaporins.

25
Q

What moves solutes against their concentration gradient?

A

Active transport.

26
Q

What does diffusion move?

A

Substances down their concentration gradient.

27
Q

What does active transport require?

A

The expenditure of cellular energy.

28
Q

What happens in exocytosis?

A

A vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and release its contents outside the cell.

29
Q

What happens in endocytosis?

A

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell.

30
Q

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecules move across the plasma membrane using a transport protein.

31
Q

What happens in diffusion?

A

Molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer.

32
Q

What happens in active transport?

A

Molecules move against their concentration gradient.

33
Q

What is the process of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium?

A

Phagocytosis.

34
Q

Phagocytosis is to eating as pinocytosis is to what?

A

Drinking.

35
Q

Where do cells store energy that they use for work?

A

In the arrangement of atoms within molecules.

36
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to cause change (do work).

37
Q

What are two forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and potential.

38
Q

What are examples of kinetic energy?

A

Light and heat.

39
Q

What is the energy of motion?

A

Kinetic energy.

40
Q

What is the energy of location or structure?

A

Potential energy.

41
Q

What is an example of potential energy?

A

Chemical energy.

42
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

43
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred or transformed and always increases disorder or randomness.

44
Q

What is entropy?

A

Disorder or randomness.

45
Q

What can some energy be converted into?

A

Heat.

46
Q

What happens to chemical energy that is extracted from molecules by cellular activities but is not used for cellular work?

A

The energy contributes to the entropy of the system.

47
Q

What is an example of an endergonic process?

A

The synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

48
Q

What reaction releases energy?

A

Exergonic.

49
Q

What reaction absorbs energy?

A

Endergonic.

50
Q

What is the transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound?

A

Phosphorylation.

51
Q

Most cellular work is accomplished by ___, which energizes molecules by ___ them.

A

ATP … phosphorylating.

52
Q

Because enzymes are catalysts, what do they change?

A

The rate of a reaction without being consumed by a reaction.

53
Q

What happens when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction?

A

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction.

54
Q

Why is an enzyme considered a catalyst?

A

It speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

55
Q

What is the reactant called in a catalyzed reaction?

A

Substrate.

56
Q

The shape of an enzyme’s ___ matches only particular reactants.

A

Active site.

57
Q

What strains bonds and helps the reaction proceed between an active site and its substrate?

A

The induced fit.

58
Q

What is often a vitamin that binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis?

A

Coenzyme.

59
Q

What denatures an enzyme?

A

High temperatures or changes in pH.

Biology (4 decks)

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