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Biology > Ch. 6 Mastering Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Mastering Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Glycolysis, acetyl CoA, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain are the sequence of steps as what happens during cellular respiration?

A

Energy is extracted from glucose.

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2
Q

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.

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3
Q

What process takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Glycolysis.

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4
Q

In what organelle do we find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

A

Mitochondrion.

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5
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

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6
Q

What does the citric acid cycle do?

A

Produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

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7
Q

What does the electron transport chain do?

A

Uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

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8
Q

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

A

They produce ATP.

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9
Q

What are the by-products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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10
Q

What happens as electrons move through the mitochondrial space?

A

The pH of the intermembrane space decreases.

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11
Q

What does cellular respiration primarily do?

A

Makes ATP to power the cell’s activities.

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12
Q

What is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another?

A

An oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

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13
Q

In cellular respiration, what happens to glucose as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms)?

A

It becomes oxidized to carbon dioxide.

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14
Q

In cellular respiration, what happens to oxygen as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose?

A

It becomes reduced to water.

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15
Q

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as what happens?

A

NAD+ picks up electrons from H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.

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16
Q

Where does NADH deliver electrons?

A

To an electron transport chain.

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17
Q

What does an electron transport chain do?

A

Passes electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, oxygen.

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18
Q

What does the cell use to make ATP?

A

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain.

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19
Q

What happens to a molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction?

A

It loses electrons and becomes oxidized.

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20
Q

In cellular respiration, glucose ___ electrons, whereas oxygen ___ electrons.

A

Loses … gains.

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21
Q

During cellular respiration, what happens to the energy in glucose?

A

It is carried by electrons.

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22
Q

What happens to NADH during cellular respiration?

A

It delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.

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23
Q

What is essentially a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration?

A

The electron transport chain.

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24
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain (redox reactions)?

A

NADH is oxidized, which reduces an electron accept in the electron transport chain.

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25
Q

What is the final acceptor of cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen.

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26
Q

Why can’t oxidative phosphorylation occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

The two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain.

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27
Q

What is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

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28
Q

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

A

2.

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29
Q

In glycolysis, how are ATP molecules produced?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation.

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30
Q

What is not a product of glycolysis?

A

FADH2.

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31
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

Water, ATP, pyruvate, and NADH + H+.

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32
Q

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

A

ATP.

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33
Q

In glycolysis, there is a net gain of how many ATP?

A

2.

34
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced during glycolysis?

A

2.

35
Q

What is an end product of glycolysis?

A

NADH.

36
Q

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

The mitochondrion.

37
Q

What is the main process that produces glucose and oxygen gas?

A

Photosynthesis.

38
Q

Which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen gas?

A

The citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.

39
Q

What are the most important outputs of glycolysis?

A

Two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules.

40
Q

Unlike the citric acid cycle and electron transport, where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

41
Q

Because glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of glucose, what play an important role in this process?

A

Enzymes.

42
Q

What forms at the end of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate.

43
Q

What is the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate?

A

Glycolysis.

44
Q

What is the process where CO2 and H2O convert into organic compounds using energy from light?

A

Photosynthesis.

45
Q

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?

A

NAD+.

46
Q

Why is fat the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates?

A

Fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons with their numerous hydrogen atoms.

47
Q

When a cell uses fatty acids for aerobic respiration, what does it do?

A

It first hydrolyzes fats to glycerol and fatty acids.

48
Q

When a muscle cell is deprived of molecular oxgey, it will convert glucose to lactic acid to do what?

A

Recycle NADH through fermentation.

49
Q

Why can yeasts produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They are facultative anaerobes.

50
Q

What process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?

A

Aerobic respiration.

51
Q

During fermentation, ___ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to ___.

A

NADH … NAD+.

52
Q

Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates one ATP and four additional energy rich molecules. What are they?

A

3 NADH and 1 FADH2.

53
Q

What are the end products of the citric acid cycle?

A

ATP, FADH2, and CO2.

54
Q

What is not an end product of the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvate.

55
Q

At the end of the citric acid cycle, where is most of the energy remaining from the original glucose stored?

A

NADH.

56
Q

Where are most NADH molecules generated during cellular respiration?

A

The citric acid cycle.

57
Q

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, what happens?

A

A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment.

58
Q

In eukaryotes, what happens to most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cell respiration?

A

They reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain.

59
Q

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate and this compound is restored at the end of the cycle.

60
Q

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

It accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

61
Q

The breakdown of glucose is complete by the end of what process?

A

The citric acid cycle.

62
Q

Most ATP molecules are produced during what process?

A

Electron transport.

63
Q

Electron transport produces how many ATP molecules per NADH molecule?

A

3.

64
Q

Electron transport produces how many ATP molecules per FADH2 molecule?

A

2.

65
Q

The energy released from electron transport is used to do what?

A

Transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated.

66
Q

What happens to protons after they become concentrated in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?

A

They flow back out into the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria.

67
Q

What happens as protons exit into the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

They turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

68
Q

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, how many NADH enter the electron transport chain?

A

10.

69
Q

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by what process?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation.

70
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen.

71
Q

During electron transport, energy from ___ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the ___.

A

NADH and FADH2 … intermembrane space.

72
Q

What is the proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient.

73
Q

What is the energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2.

74
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to do what?

A

Pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane.

75
Q

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where can this be found in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondria.

76
Q

What is the ultimate fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?

A

They are used to form water.

77
Q

The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is found where?

A

In NADH and FADH2.

78
Q

What happens to the energy that is released by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain?

A

It pumps H+ through a membrane.

79
Q

In cellular respiration, what is the result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain (or its components)?

A

A proton gradient is formed.

80
Q

A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy from glucose?

A

It is converted to heat.

81
Q

What is the overall efficiency of respiration?

A

Approximately 40%.

Biology (4 decks)

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