Ch. 8

Question 1

What are the three needs theories?

Answer 1

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory

Question 2

What are the 5 hierarchy of needs?

Answer 2

Physiological needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-actualization

Question 3

What are Alderfer’s three categories of needs?

Answer 3

Existence needs: similar to Maslow’s basic physiological and safety needs
Relatedness needs: stem from social interaction and are analogous to the social needs in Maslow’s hierarchy
Growth Needs: highest order needs dealing with needs to develop fully and realize one’s potential

Question 4

What are the three needs in McClelland’s achievement motivation theory?

Answer 4

Need for achievement: drive to succeed and get the job done; love the challenge of work; motivated to get ahead, solve problems and be outstanding at work
Need for power: direct and control activities of others and be influential; status oriented and more motivated by chance to gain influence and prestige than to solve particular problems
Need for affiliation: desired to be liked and accepted by others; strive for friendship; concerned with interpersonal relationships

Question 5

What does Job design theories of motivation stress?

Answer 5

The structure and design of jobs as key factors in motivating workers

Question 6

What are the two factors in Herzberg’s two‑factor theory?

Answer 6

Motivators are factors related to job content that, when present, lead to job satisfaction

Hygienes are elements related to job context that, when absent, cause job dissatisfaction

Question 7

Presence of ___________ prevent job dissatisfaction, but ____________ are needed for employee job satisfaction and hence motivation

Answer 7

hygiene’s; motivators

Question 8

What is the Job Characteristic Model?

Answer 8

a theory that emphasizes the role that certain aspects of jobs play in influencing work motivation

Question 9

What are the 5 aspects in the job characteristic model?

Answer 9

1. Skill Variety
2. Task Identity
3. Task Significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback

Question 10

Define: Skill Variety

Answer 10

the degree to which a job requires the worker to use a variety of abilities and skills to perform worker-related tasks

Question 11

Define: Task Identity

Answer 11

the degree to which a job requires the completion of an entire job or functions

Question 12

Define: Task Significance

Answer 12

the degree to which a job has a substantial impact on other people within the organization, such as co workers or persons outside the organization such as consumer

Question 13

Define: Autonomy

Answer 13

the degree to which the job gives the workers freedom and independence to choose how to schedule and carry out the necessary tasks

Question 14

Define: Feedback

Answer 14

the degree to which the job allows the worker to receive direct and clear information about the effectiveness of performance

Question 15

What are the two cognitive theories?

Answer 15

Expectancy theory and Equity Theory

Question 16

Define: Equity Theory

Answer 16

States workers are motivated by a desire to be treated equitably or fairly

Question 17

What are the 2 types perceived inequity?

Answer 17

Underpayment inequity - worker’s perception that inputs are greater than outcomes

Overpayment inequity - worker’s perception that outcomes are greater than inputs

Question 18

How might someone overcome underpayment inequity?

Answer 18

Increasing outcomes: asking for a raise

Decreasing inputs: limit your work production

Changing the comparison other

Leaving the situation

Question 19

How might someone overcome overpayment inequity?

Answer 19

Increasing Inputs - work harder

Decreasing outcomes - you might ask for a cut in pay

Changing comparison others - change comparison others to persons of higher work status and ability

Distorting the situation - a distortion of the perception of inputs or outcomes might occur.

Question 20

What is expectancy theory also known as?

Answer 20

VIE theory

Question 21

Define: Expectancy theory

Answer 21

a cognitive theory of motivation that states that workers weight expected costs and benefits of particular courses before they are motivated to take action

Question 22

What does VIE stand for?

Answer 22

Valence - the desirability of an outcome to an individual
Instrumentality - the perceived relationship between the performance of a particular behavior and the likelihood of receiving a particular outcome
Expectancy - the perceived relationship between the individual’s effort and performance of a behavior

Question 23

What are the two behavioral theories?

Answer 23

Reinforcement Theory and Goal-Setting Theory

Question 24

Define: Positive reinforcers

Answer 24

desireable events that strengthen the tendency to respond

Question 25

Define: Negative reinforcers

Answer 25

events that strengthen a behavior through the avoidance of an existing negative state

Question 26

Define: Punishment

Answer 26

unpleasant consequences that reduce the tendency to respond

Question 27

What are the Schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 27

Fixed-interval schedule

Variable-interval schedule

Fixed-ratio schedule

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 28

Define: Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 28

reinforcement that depends on the performance of a specified but varying number of behaviors

Question 29

Define: Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 29

reinforcement that is contingent on the performance of a fixed number of behaviors

Question 30

Define: Variable-interval schedule

Answer 30

reinforcement that follows the passage of specified amount of time, with exact time of reinforcement varying

Question 31

Define: Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 31

reinforcement that follows the passage of a specified amount of time