Ch. 8 Flashcards
What are the three needs theories?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
What are the 5 hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs Safety Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-actualization
What are Alderfer’s three categories of needs?
Existence needs: similar to Maslow’s basic physiological and safety needs
Relatedness needs: stem from social interaction and are analogous to the social needs in Maslow’s hierarchy
Growth Needs: highest order needs dealing with needs to develop fully and realize one’s potential
What are the three needs in McClelland’s achievement motivation theory?
Need for achievement: drive to succeed and get the job done; love the challenge of work; motivated to get ahead, solve problems and be outstanding at work
Need for power: direct and control activities of others and be influential; status oriented and more motivated by chance to gain influence and prestige than to solve particular problems
Need for affiliation: desired to be liked and accepted by others; strive for friendship; concerned with interpersonal relationships
What does Job design theories of motivation stress?
The structure and design of jobs as key factors in motivating workers
What are the two factors in Herzberg’s two‑factor theory?
Motivators are factors related to job content that, when present, lead to job satisfaction
Hygienes are elements related to job context that, when absent, cause job dissatisfaction
Presence of ___________ prevent job dissatisfaction, but ____________ are needed for employee job satisfaction and hence motivation
hygiene’s; motivators
What is the Job Characteristic Model?
a theory that emphasizes the role that certain aspects of jobs play in influencing work motivation
What are the 5 aspects in the job characteristic model?
- Skill Variety
- Task Identity
- Task Significance
- Autonomy
- Feedback
Define: Skill Variety
the degree to which a job requires the worker to use a variety of abilities and skills to perform worker-related tasks
Define: Task Identity
the degree to which a job requires the completion of an entire job or functions
Define: Task Significance
the degree to which a job has a substantial impact on other people within the organization, such as co workers or persons outside the organization such as consumer
Define: Autonomy
the degree to which the job gives the workers freedom and independence to choose how to schedule and carry out the necessary tasks
Define: Feedback
the degree to which the job allows the worker to receive direct and clear information about the effectiveness of performance
What are the two cognitive theories?
Expectancy theory and Equity Theory
Define: Equity Theory
States workers are motivated by a desire to be treated equitably or fairly
What are the 2 types perceived inequity?
Underpayment inequity - worker’s perception that inputs are greater than outcomes
Overpayment inequity - worker’s perception that outcomes are greater than inputs
How might someone overcome underpayment inequity?
Increasing outcomes: asking for a raise
Decreasing inputs: limit your work production
Changing the comparison other
Leaving the situation
How might someone overcome overpayment inequity?
Increasing Inputs - work harder
Decreasing outcomes - you might ask for a cut in pay
Changing comparison others - change comparison others to persons of higher work status and ability
Distorting the situation - a distortion of the perception of inputs or outcomes might occur.
What is expectancy theory also known as?
VIE theory
Define: Expectancy theory
a cognitive theory of motivation that states that workers weight expected costs and benefits of particular courses before they are motivated to take action
What does VIE stand for?
Valence - the desirability of an outcome to an individual
Instrumentality - the perceived relationship between the performance of a particular behavior and the likelihood of receiving a particular outcome
Expectancy - the perceived relationship between the individual’s effort and performance of a behavior
What are the two behavioral theories?
Reinforcement Theory and Goal-Setting Theory
Define: Positive reinforcers
desireable events that strengthen the tendency to respond
Define: Negative reinforcers
events that strengthen a behavior through the avoidance of an existing negative state
Define: Punishment
unpleasant consequences that reduce the tendency to respond
What are the Schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Define: Variable-ratio schedule
reinforcement that depends on the performance of a specified but varying number of behaviors
Define: Fixed-ratio schedule
reinforcement that is contingent on the performance of a fixed number of behaviors
Define: Variable-interval schedule
reinforcement that follows the passage of specified amount of time, with exact time of reinforcement varying
Define: Fixed-interval schedule
reinforcement that follows the passage of a specified amount of time
