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BIO 204 Microbiology > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

-All chemical reactions and workings of a cell

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

-Biosynthesis: synthesis of cell molecules and structures

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

-break the bonds of larger molecules to release energy

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4
Q

What are characteristics of enzymes?

A
  • made of protein
  • acts as catalysts to speed up cellular reactions
  • lowers energy needed for chemical reaction
  • unique characteristics like shape and function
  • active site for molecules called substrates
  • much larger in size than substrates
  • associated with substrates but do not become integrated into the reaction products
  • not used up or changed by a reaction
  • can be recycled
  • affected by temp and pH
  • regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms
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5
Q

What are important components of coenzymes?

A

Coenzyme is organic compounds that work with the apoenzyme to alter the substrate.
-Remove a chemical group from a substrate and adds it to another substrate
-Carry and transfers hydrogen atoms, electrons, carbon dioxide, and amino groups
(Vitamins are key components)

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6
Q

What are extremozymes?

A

function under extreme environmental conditions such as very high pH, very low pH, high temperature, high salinity, or other factors, that would otherwise denature typical enzymes (catalase, rubisco, carbonic anhydrase).

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7
Q

What is induced enzymes?

A

-the production of which is either turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate.

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8
Q

What is constitutive enzymes?

A

-always present in constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environment

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9
Q

What are endoenzymes?

A
  • retained Intracellularly and function there

- most enzymes of metabolic pathways

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10
Q

What are exoenzymes?

A
  • transported extracellularly

- breaks down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

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11
Q

Examples of exoenzymes

A
  • cellulase
  • amylase
  • penicillinase
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12
Q

What are oxidoreductases?

A

-transfer electrons from one substrate to another

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13
Q

What are transferases?

A

-transfer functional groups from one compound to another

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14
Q

What is cyclic pathways?

A
  • example: glycolysis
  • ATP production during photosynthesis is sometimes called photophosphorylation
  • Cyclic you start with one product and end with the same product, starting the cycle over again.
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15
Q

What is linear pathways?

A
  • Linear you start with one product and end with another different product
  • example: Krebs Cycle
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16
Q

What is non competitive inhibition and competitive inhibition?

A
  • non competitive is the molecule does not bind in the same site as the substrate
  • competitive is the normal substrate and competing inhibitor are competing for the binding site
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17
Q

What occurs during electron transfer?

A

.

18
Q

What key molecules are carriers during respiration?

A

.

19
Q

Characteristics of glycolysis.

A
  • glucose is activated by adding phosphate to make glucose-6-phosphate
  • converted to fructose-6-phosphate by another phosphate making fructose diphosphate
  • split into 3 carbon molecules and two ATPs have been used
  • converting 3 carbon molecules into two glucose-3-phosphate
  • everything from here to the end happens twice, one to each 3 carbon molecule
  • both receive another phosphate and at the same time 2NADs reduce to NADHs. (These NADH will be used in the last step of catabolism to make ATP)
  • lost four steps of glycolysis, the 3 carbon molecule donates its phosphates to ADP to make four new ATP and two 3-carbon molecules with no phosphates called pyruvic acid.
  • since two ATPs were used in earlier steps, there is only 2 ATPs
20
Q

What is produced during glycolysis?

A

-converts glucose into pyruvic acid

21
Q

What occurs in the transition reaction?

A

.

22
Q

What is produced in the transition reaction?

A

.

23
Q

Characteristics of the Krebs Cycle.

A

.

24
Q

What is produced in the Krebs Cycle? Why is it cyclic?

A

.

25
Q

What occurs in the ETS?

A
  • chains that receive electrons from NADH and FADH2
  • Electrons are passed from one molecule to the next
  • flow of the electrons allows the active transport of hydrogens outside of the cell membrane
26
Q

What is produced in ETS?

A

-oxygen receives hydrogens and electrons to produce water

27
Q

How are the cytochromes (with their tightly bound metal atoms) involved ETS?

A

.

28
Q

Where does each part of respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

.

29
Q

Where does each part of respiration occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

.

30
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

.

31
Q

How many ATP is produced in each stage?Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Where is the most produced?

A

.

32
Q

ATP production in NADH

A

.

33
Q

ATP production in FADH2.

A

.

34
Q

Where is most of the NADH produced?

A

Krebs Cycle

35
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation? When does it occur?

A

.

36
Q

What is the relationship of fermentation to glycolysis?

A

-glycolysis and its feeder pathways lead to pyruvate which is used in fermentation to generate more ATP and form NAD+ from NADH.

Glycolysis > glucose > Pyruvate (O2 absent) > Fermentation > Lactate or alcohol

37
Q

How many ATPs produced in fermentation?

A

2 ATP

38
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A
  • the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
  • It is the chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller unites by the reaction with water’s addition.
  • Most reactions involve splitting polymers into monomers.
  • It is how we break down foods into smaller units that can be used for our cells.
39
Q

What is condensation (dehydration synthesis)?

A
  • Bonds are formed through the removal of water.
  • It is the chemical reation in which two molecules are joined covalently by the removal of -OH from one molecule and -H atom from the other molecule.
  • It is also known as condensation.
  • Most reactions involved joining monomers into polymers.
40
Q

What is amphibolism?

A

The property to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

41
Q

What is a conversant pathway?

A

Example:amino acid synthesis

BIO 204 Microbiology (12 decks)

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