Ch 13-15 Flashcards
What occurs during the contact process?
-not all contacts lead to colonization
What occurs during the infection process?
- a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter the tissues and multiply.
- not all infections lead to disease
- contact to colonization to infection to disease
What occurs during the disease process?
-any deviation from health
-factors that cause disease: Infections,diet,genetics, and aging
Infectious disease: disruption of tissue or organs caused by microbes or their products
What terms are used to describe resident flora?
- indigenous biota
- normal flora
What types of organisms make up resident flora?
-array of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
What is the name of the infection if arises from patients own microbes?
Endogenous Infection??
When and how is the newborn colonized with flora?
- doctors and scientists believe that fetuses are seeded when normal microbiota in utero
- exposure occurs during the birth process, when the baby becomes colonized with the mothers vaginal biota
- c-section babies are colonized by adult skin biota.
- -Contact with birth canal during birth
- Feeding
- Other human contact
- -8-12 hours after delivery
Where are resident flora located?
--large and diverse collection or microbes living on and in the body Most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment harbor resident microbes: -GI Tract Oral Cavity Lg. Intestine Rectum -Genital Tract -Upper Respiratory Tract -Skin -Urinary Tract -External Eye Lids & Lash Follicles -Ear External Ear & Canal
Where are resident flora not located?
Internal organs & tissues & fluids are microbe-free
- Lung
- Sinus
- Kidney
- Blood
- Fetus
What is microbial antagonism?
- The generally antagonistic effect good microbes have against intruder microorganisms
- microbes in a stead, established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes
What are opportunistic pathogens?
Causes disease
- when the host defenses are compromised
- when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them
How do opportunistic pathogens compare to true pathogens?
True Pathogens: Cause disease in healthy person with normal immune defense
Opportunistic Pathogens: Cause disease in immune comp’d. host and/or cause disease when access to sterile environment is gained
(endog. and exog.)
What type of factors weaken host defenses?
- Old age and extreme youth (infancy, prematurity)
- Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
- Surgery and organ transplants
- Organic disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
- Chemotherapy/immunosuppresive drugs
- Physical and mental stress
- Other infections
What are examples of virulence factors?
–traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs- severity of disease
- People who are carriers of mutation in their hemoglobin gene, have few or no sickle-cell disease syndromes but are more resistant to malaria than people who have no mutations in their hemoglobin genes
- People of west African are more likely to have one or two sickle-cell alleles. Malaria is endemic in West Africa and it seems the hemoglobin mutation is adaptation of the human host to its long-standing relationship with the malaria protozoan.
- researchers have found a gene that correlates with how people react to infections with the swine flu virus. The gene codes for a protein that blocks viral entry into cells. People who have mid flu symptoms were found to have the gene, where those who become ill and died were likely to have a mutation of this gene.
What is TORCH?
TORCH is common infections of the fetus and neonate
T: Toxoplasmosis
O: Other Diseases- syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, chlamydia
R: Rubella
C: Cytomegalovirus
H: Herpes simplex virus
What are exotoxins?
-secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissues
What are characteristics of exotoxins?
- Toxicity: toxic in minute amounts
- Effects on the body: specific to a cell type(blood, liver, nerve) induced TNF production resulting in fever
- Chemical composition: small proteins
- Heat denaturation at 60 degrees Celsius: unstable
- Toxoid formation: can be converted to toxoid
- Immune response: stimulate antitoxins
- Fever stimulation: usually not
- Manner of release: secreted from the live cell
- Typical sources: a few gram-positive and negatives
How are exotoxins named?
A toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infect tissues
What is the function of kinase?
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to an intracellular protein.
-break up blood clots, enabling bacteria to spread
What is the function of coagulase?
Aa bacterial enzyme that brings about the coagulation (blood clotting) of blood or plasma and is produced by disease-causing forms of staphylococcus.
What is the function of enterotoxins?
A toxin in or affecting the intestines, such as those causing food poisoning for cholera.
What is the function of hyaluronidase?
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid
- found in human testes
- holds animal cells together
What is the function of hemolysin?
- a class of bacterial exotoxins
- disrupts the cell membrane of red blood cells
- damage causes the red blood cells to burst and release hemoglobin (hemolyze)
What is the function of mucinase?
Digests the protective coating on mucous membranes and is a factor in amoebic dysentery
What is the function of keratinase?
Digests the principal component of skin and hair, and is secreted by fungi that cause ringworm
What are characteristics of endotoxins?
- Toxicity: toxic in high. Doses
- Effects on the body: Systemic:fever and inflammation
- Chemical composition: lipopolysaccharide of cell wall
- Heat denaturation at 60 degrees Celsius: stable
- Toxoid formation: cannot be converted to toxoid
- Immune response: does not stimulate antitoxins
- Manner or release: released by cell via shedding or during lysis
- Typical sources: all gram-negative bacteria
What are antiphagocytic factors?
Those that prevent phagocytosis by the hosts phagocytic cells
-allow pathogens to remain in a host for a longer time
What is the difference between sign and symptom?
Sign:any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
Symptom: subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
What are examples of signs?
Fever Septicemia Microbes in tissue fluids Chest sounds Skin eruptions Leukocytosis Leukopenia Swollen lymph nodes Abscesses Tachycardia (increased heart rate) Antibodies in serum
What are examples of symptoms?
Chills Pain ache soreness irritation Malaise Fatigue Chest tightness Itching Headache Nausea Abdominal cramps Anorexia Sore throat
What occurs during intoxication?
Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin
What is an infectious dose?
-a minimum number of microbes required for an infection to proceed
What are droplet nuclei?
particles 1–10 mcm in diameter, implicated in spread of airborne infection; the dried residue formed by evaporation of droplets coughed or sneezed into the atmosphere or by aerosolization of infective material
How do the greatest number of pathogens enter the human body?
the respiratory system
What is epidemiology?
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
What is the role of the CDC in the US?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency that conducts and supports health promotion, prevention and preparedness activities in the United States with the goal of improving overall public health
What is mortality rate?
the number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause
What is morbidity rate?
The morbidity rate is the frequency with which a disease appears in a population. Morbidity rates are used in actuarial professions, such as health insurance, life insurance and long-term care insurance, to determine the correct premiums to charge to customers.
What is incidence rate?
The incidence rate is the number of new cases per population at risk in a given time period . When the denominator is the sum of the person-time of the at risk population, it is also known as the incidence density rate or person-time incidence rate.
What is prevalence rate?
Prevalence is the proportion of people in a population who have a particular disease at a specified point in time, or over a specified period of time. The numerator includes not only new cases, but also old cases (people who remained ill during the specified point or period in time).
What is epidemic?
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
What is endemic?
a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population. Malaria is a constant worry in parts of Africa.
What is pandemic?
When an epidemic spreads throughout the world.
What is sporadic?
occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.
What is fomite?
An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen
What is carrier?
Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others
What is asymptomatic infection?
infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms
What is vector?
An animal, such as an arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a vector
What is source?
The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired is termed the source
What is reservoir?
The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist
What are common portals of entry and exit?
- urogenital
- respiratory
- gastrointestinal tract
What is acute infections?
- come on rapidly
- have short-lived effects
What is local infections?
-microbes enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
Like boils, fungal skin infections, warts
What is chronic infections?
-progress and persist over a long period of time