Ch. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Chunking

A
  • refers to combining individual items into a larger unit of meaning.
  • I.e. 905-430-5124
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2
Q

Mnemonic devices

A
  • is any type of memory aid
  • i.e hierarchies, chunking, and acronyms that combine one or more letters (usually the first letter) form each piece of information
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3
Q

Dual coding theory

A
  • information is stored in long-term memory in two forms: verbal codes and non-verbal (typically visual) codes
  • encoding information using both codes enhances memory

• but sometimes it is hard to use dual coding
- i.e. jealousy, knowledge

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4
Q

Encoding

A

• It refers to getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes.

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • It holds incoming sensory information just long enough for it to be recognized.
  • It is composed of different subsystems, called sensory registers, which are the initial information processors.
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6
Q

Working memory

A

• Short-term memory also is referred to as it

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7
Q

Memory has 3 major components

A
  • sensory registers
  • working memory
  • long-term memory
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8
Q

Serial position effect

A

• It is the U-shaped pattern
- primacy effect and recency effect

• It means that recall is influenced by a word’s position in a series of items.

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9
Q

Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal

A

• Maintenance rehearsal

  • Def. The simple repetition of information
  • By rehearsing information, we can extend its duration in short-term memory.
  • I.e. you look up a telephone number and keep saying it to yourself, while waiting to use a phone.

• Elaborative rehearsal
- def. focusing on the meaning of information or relating it to other things we already know.
– It is more effective in transferring information into long-term memory

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10
Q

Schemas

A
  • Def. It is a “mental framework”– an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations…
  • I.e.
  • There is a random paragraph, you can’t memory. But after be told that is about washing clothes, you remember
  • For skillful chess player, he can remember chess position better if the chess is in meaningful position, rather than random position
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11
Q

Associative networks

A

• Def. It is a massive network of associated ideas and concepts.

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12
Q

Priming

A
  • It refers to the activation of one concept by another.

* I.e. “fire engine” primes the node for “red”

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13
Q

Neural network

A
  • the concepts of “red”, or “fire engine” do not stored within any single neuron, they stored in a neural network
  • It is each concept is represented by a particular pattern or set of nodes that becomes activated simultaneously
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14
Q

Hierarchy

A

words presented in a logically organized hierarchical structure are remembered better than the same words placed randomly in a similar-looking structure

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15
Q

Type of long-term memory

A

• Declarative

  • Episodic: personal experiences, i.e. when and what .. in your birthday
  • Semantic: general factual knowledge, i.e. Mt everest is the highest peak

• Procedural

  • Reflected in skills and actions, i.e. typing, ride motor
  • Classically conditioned response, i.e. a bird blind his eye with a tone alone…
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16
Q

Explicit & Implicit memory

A

• Explicit memory
- conscious or intentional memory retrieval

• Implicit memory

  • memory influences behavior but no conscious awareness
  • i.e. STO__, riding bicycle, driving…
17
Q

Flashbulb memories

A
  • vivid, clear recollections, like a snapshot in time

* often inaccurately recalled

18
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A
  • it states that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
  • i.e a woman was raped while out for a jog. She cannot remember rape. While one day jogging, she recalled the rape.
19
Q

Context-dependent memory

A
  • easier to remember sth in same environment where encoded

* i.e. upon returning to your elementary school, sights and sounds may trigger memories of teachers…

20
Q

Interference theory

A

• Proactive interference
- past materiel interferes with recall of newer material
• Retroactive interference
– new information interferes with ability to recall older information

21
Q

Why do we forget?

A

• Motivated forgetting

  • i.e. repression, protect us by blocking the recall of anxiety-arousing memories
  • hard to verify

• Amnesia

22
Q

Retrograde & Anterograde & Infantile amnesia

A

• R
- memory loss for events before amnesia

• A
- …after..

• Infantile
- memory loss for early childhood

• Alzheimer’s Disease
- severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia

23
Q

Consrctive Processes and schemas

A

• Memory is a constructive (or reconstructive) process
- Piece together bits of information in ways that intuitively “make sense”
- Often highly inaccurate
- Schemas can distort memories, serious personal and societal consequences
- Errors were positively biased (recall grades from high school, they usually remember B as A)
-

24
Q

Boundary extension

A

• Remembering a scene as more expansive – as being “wider-angle” – than it really was
- E.g. The size of drawing bear shrinks

25
Q

Misinformation effect and source confusion

A
  • Def. the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information
  • Misinformation effects also occur due to source confusion, that is our tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar, but to forget where we encounter it.
26
Q

Recovered memories and accepting

A

• should be caution in unconditionally accepting the validity of recovered memories
-E.g. debating in whether recovered memories of child abuse are accurate and whether they are forgotten via repression or other psychological processes

27
Q

3 basic approaches to find where in the brain are memories.

A
  • Human lesion studies (that is to study memory loss due to brain damage)
  • Nonhuman animal lesion studies (that is to deliberate damage to brain regions )
  • Brain-image studies
28
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Encoding station

* Convert short-term memories to long-term

29
Q

Memory consolidation

A

• Binding process in the brain for:

  • where sth happened
  • what the scene or people looked like
  • sounds heard
  • meaning of events
30
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Encoding information from sensory registers

* Store semantic information

31
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • involved in functions of working memory

* deep processing increased brain activity in specific regions of left prefrontal cortex

32
Q

Thalamus

A
  • role in nuclear

* damage results in extensive anterograde and retrograde amnesia

33
Q

Amygdala

A

• Emotional aspects of memory

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

• Procedural memory